HYBRID COMPOSITES : synthesis and tribological applications.

240 Pages·2018·15.324 MB·English

by  JAWAID, MOHAMMAD. NAGARAJAN RAJINI. SUKUMARAN JACOB

Synthesis and Tribological Applications of Hybrid Materials
Synthesis and Tribological Applications
of Hybrid Materials
Edited by Mohammad Jawaid, Rajini Nagarajan,
Jacob Sukumaran, and Patrick De Baets
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v
Contents
Preface xi
1 Tribological Assessment on Accelerated Aging Bones
in Polymeric Condition 1
Ramdziah M. Nasir, Law C. Gan, and Abdul Y. Saad
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Bone 2
1.3 Methodology 4
1.3.1 Phase I: Planning 4
1.3.2 Phase II: Design of Experiment 5
1.3.3 Phase III: Conduct of Experiment 5
1.3.4 Phase IV: Observation and Analysis 8
1.4 Results and Discussion 9
1.4.1 Accelerated Weathering Study 9
1.4.2 Effects of Increase in Temperature and Decrease in Relative Humidity
(RH) on Maximum Load Withstood by Bone 12
1.4.3 Comparison of Bovine and Goat Bone Strength at Normal
and Increased Temperatures 15
1.5 Conclusion 28
1.A Relative Humidity Chart 28
References 29
2 Nanofracture and Wear Testing on Natural Bones 33
Ramdziah M. Nasir, Muhammad A.A. Muhmad, and Abdul Y. Saad
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 M ethodology 38
2.3 R esults and Discussion 42
2.4 C onclusion 51
References 51
3 Tribological Behaviors of Glass Fiber with Fillers Reinforced Hybrid
Polymer Composites 53
T. P. Sathishkumar
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Wear and Mechanisms of Wear 54
vi Contents
3.2.1 Adhesion Wear 54
3.2.2 Abrasive Wear 54
3.3 Tribo Wear Test Methods 55
3.3.1 Wear and Friction Test Using Pin‐on‐disk 55
3.3.2 Wear and Friction Test Using Ball‐on‐disk 57
3.4 Tribo Characterization Hybrid Polymer Composites 57
3.4.1 Polyamide 6 and HDPE Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites 57
3.4.2 Silicon Carbide, Graphite Particle, and Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid
Composites 62
3.4.3 Case Study 67
3.5 Conclusion 69
References 70
4 Tribological Characterization of Jute/Glass Hybrid Composites 71
Narayanan Venkateshwaran, Aziz Alavudeen, and Vajjiram Santhanam
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Materials and Method 72
4.3 Results and Discussion 74
4.4 Micrograph Analysis 77
4.5 Conclusions 79
References 80
5 Glass Fiber Hybrid Effects in Assessing the Abrasive Wear Mechanisms
of Naturally Woven Fabric/Polymer Composites Under Dry Conditions 83
Irulappasamy Siva, Manoharan Thirukumaran, Jebas T.W. Jappes, Bhimappa
Suresha, Subramaniyan A. Kumar, and Buradagunta R. Sunil
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Experimental Details 84
5.2.1 Fiber and Matrix 84
5.2.2 Fiber Surface Treatment 84
5.2.3 Composite Fabrication 85
5.2.4 Mechanical Testing 85
5.2.5 Abrasive Wear Test 86
5.3 Results and Discussion 87
5.3.1 Mechanical Properties 87
5.3.2 Hardness (Shore‐D) of Composites 88
5.3.3 Specific Wear Rate 88
5.4 Conclusion 93
Acknowledgement 94
References 94
6 Wear Properties of Acid and Silane Modified CNT Filled Hybrid Glass/
Kenaf Epoxy Composites 97
Napisah Sapiai, Aidah Jumahat, and Jamaluddin Mahmud
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Methodology 99
6.2.1 Materials 99
Contents vii
6.2.2 Fabrication of Epoxy/Kenaf/Glass Fiber/CNT Composites 100
6.2.2.1 Acid Treatment and Silane Modification Process on CNT 100
6.2.2.2 Fabrication of the Composites 100
6.2.3 Abrasive Wear Test 100
6.2.4 Characterization of the Abraded Surface of the Composites 101
6.3 Results and Discussion 101
6.3.1 The Effect of Incorporating PCNT to Hybrid Glass/Kenaf Composites
on the Wear Properties of the Composites 101
6.3.2 The Effect of Incorporating ACNT and SCNT to Glass/Kenaf
Composite on the Wear Properties of the Composites 107
6.4 Conclusion 111
Acknowledgement 112
References 112
7 Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites as a Friction Material 115
Patric D. Neis and Ney F. Ferreira
7.1 Friction Material Components 115
7.1.1 Friction Materials Requirements 116
7.1.2 Braking Test Procedures 117
7.2 Natural Fibers Used in Friction Materials Composites 118
References 135
8 Comparative Wear Model on Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites
as Substitutions for UHMWPE Made Knee Implants 139
Gusztáv Fekete and Mátyás Andó
8.1 Introduction 139
8.1.1 Basics of Reinforced Polymers, Composites, and Their Testing 139
8.1.2 Classification of Polymers 139
8.1.3 Classification of Composites 142
8.1.4 Basics of Tribo‐testing 145
8.1.5 Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites and Their Possible Use in Total Knee
Replacements (TKR) 147
8.2 Aims 148
8.3 Methods 149
8.3.1 Wear Modeling 149
8.3.2 Force Modeling for Wear Equation 150
8.3.3 Slide–Roll Modeling for Wear Equation 152
8.4 Results 157
8.5 Discussion 158
Acknowledgments 159
References 159
9 Fabrication and Tribological Behavior of Epoxy Hybrid Composites 163
Bheemappa Suresha and Rajashekaraiah Hemanth
9.1 Introduction 163
9.1.1 Matrix Material 163
9.1.2 Reinforcements 164
viii Contents
9.1.2.1 Fiber Reinforcements 164
9.1.2.2 Particulate Reinforcements 166
9.1.3 Friction and Wear 167
9.2 Materials and Methods 168
9.2.1 Matrix Material 168
9.2.2 Reinforcement Materials 168
9.2.3 Particulate Fillers 169
9.2.3.1 Molybdenum Disulfide 170
9.2.3.2 Aluminum Oxide 170
9.2.4 Composite Fabrication 171
9.2.5 Dry Sliding Wear Test 172
9.2.6 Three‐Body Abrasive Wear Test 174
9.3 Results and Discussion 176
9.3.1 Dry Sliding Wear Performance of Carbon‐Epoxy Composites 176
9.3.1.1 Wear Volume Loss 176
9.3.1.2 Specific Wear Rate 179
9.3.1.3 Coefficient of Friction 181
9.3.1.4 Worn Surface Morphology 183
9.3.2 Abrasive Wear Performance 184
9.3.2.1 Abrasive Wear Volume Loss 184
9.3.2.2 Specific Wear Rate 186
9.3.2.3 Consequences of Factors on Wear Volume Loss 187
9.3.2.4 Worn Surface Morphology 188
9.4 Conclusions 192
References 193
10 Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Copper Based Hybrid Metal Matrix
Composite 197
Ponnambalam Balamurugan, Marimuthu Uthayakumar,
and Sundaresan Thirumalai Kumaran
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 Materials and Methods 200
10.2.1 Materials 200
10.2.2 Preparation of the Composite by Powder Metallurgy Process 201
10.2.3 Wear Studies 202
10.3 Results and Discussion 203
10.4 Conclusion 210
References 211
11 Morphological Examination of Worn out Surfaces of Basalt Fiber‐PEI
Composites with Varying Loading Conditions 215
Kalimuthu Mayandi, Subramanian Karthikeyan, Nagarajan Rajini,
and Azeez B. Alavudeen
11.1 Introduction 215
11.2 Materials Used 216
11.3 Fabrication of the Composite Materials 216
11.4 Testing of Composite Materials 217
Contents ix
11.4.1 Density Test 217
11.4.2 Hardness Test 217
11.4.3 Wear Test 217
11.5 Results and Discussion 218
11.5.1 Wear Performance of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic
Composite 218
11.5.2 Morphological Analysis of Worn out Samples 221
11.6 Conclusions 223
References 225
Index 227
xi
Preface
Nowadays, from day‐to‐day activities of human life to high‐end sophisticated
applications, tribology has a role to play in any one of the aspects. Hence, the
need to understand the process, materials, techniques, and mechanism related
to tribological concepts is as an important factor to be considered by the research
community. Moreover, tribology is a system‐dependent phenomenon that cov-
ers a wide range of science and technology fields including materials science,
mechanical engineering, lubricant engineering, biomaterials, chemistry, physics,
biology, and many more, encompassing micro as well as nanotechnology.
Major organizations and academic institutions in developing countries have
also realized the importance of industrial tribology and its relevance to modern
design and maintenance as a result of immense savings on declining material and
energy losses and decrease in cost of mass production. Accordingly, the design of
eco‐friendly material for the tribological components is found to be the primary
factor in the energy saving sector as well as for a green environment. One such
material system is the bio‐degradable natural fiber reinforced self‐lubricating
polymer composite, which can be a suitable alternative for external lubricant
tribo systems. Nowadays, the research advancement of degradable natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites in the field of automotive, aerospace, and con-
struction industries has been appreciable because it provides much economic
benefit due to its inherent quality of higher specific strength to weight ratio.
Although the structural properties are important for tribological applications,
priority will have to be given for enhancing the wear and friction behavior.
Natural fiber based polymer composites have attracted researchers attention for
tribological applications because of their excellent structural performance and
have excelled over conventional materials in industrial systems such as bearings,
automobile parts, gears, and chute liners while the advantage of reinforcing two
fiber materials in one matrix or one fiber in polymer blends through hybridiza-
tion effect. The development of hybrid composites helps attain a combination of
the exceptional mechanical properties of different fibers/fillers. Scientists have
also investigated the tribological characteristics of natural fiber composites
hybridized with secondary fillers with varying operational parameters such as
the type of fillers, grid size, and wt % matrix. Generally, it has been found that
nano‐ or micro‐sized inorganic particles can significantly influence the tribo-
logical properties of polymeric materials.
xii Preface
This book covers versatile topics such as tribological assessment on acceler-
ated aging bones in polymeric condition, nano fracture and wear testing on
natural bones, tribological behavior of glass fiber with fillers reinforced hybrid
polymer composites and jute/glass hybrid composites, wear properties of glass
fiber hybrid, and acid‐ and silane‐modified CNT filled hybrid glass/kenaf epoxy
composites, hybrid natural fiber composites as a friction material, comparative
wear model on hybrid natural fiber composites, tribological behavior of particu-
late and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, and dry sliding wear
behavior of copper based hybrid metal matrix composites.
We are highly thankful to all authors who contributed the chapters and pro-
vided their valuable ideas and knowledge on tribology in this edited book. We
have attempted to gather all the information from recognized researchers from
Malaysia, India, Brazil, and Hungary in the areas of tribological properties and
have finally completed this venture in a fruitful manner. We greatly appreciate
the contributors’ commitment and their support to compiling our ideas in
reality.
We are highly thankful to the Wiley team for their generous cooperation at
every stage of the book production.
Mohammad Jawaid, Malaysia
Rajini Nagarajan, India
Jacob Sukumaran, Belgium
Patrick de Baets, Belgium