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HVDC Transmission PDF

393 Pages·2011·26.367 MB·English
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About the Authors S Kamakshaiah S Kamakshaiah is former professor of electrical engineering and head, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad (A.P.). He completed BE with honors from Government College of Engineering, Ananathapur in 1962, and obtained ME and PhD from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in High Voltage Engineering in 1965 and 1977, respectively. Dr Kamakshaiah has done extensive research in the area of triggered vacuum gaps and has a teaching and research experience spanning more than 45 years. He has supervised more than 25 MTech and six PhD theses. To his credit are 25 research papers, published in national and international journals. Among his many accolades are a Best Theses award for his PhD work and recognition as Best Teacher by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1997. Dr Kamakshaiah has also authored several books in the fi eld of electrical engineering. V Kamaraju V Kamaraju is former professor of electrical engineering and principal, College of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada (A.P.). He completed BE with honors in 1963 from the same college, and ME and PhD in High Voltage Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1965 and 1978, respectively. Dr Kamaraju has more than 45 years of teaching and research experience. He has supervised 25 MTech and two PhD theses and to his credit are more than 20 papers published in national and international journals. He has also been a visiting professor at Middle East Technical University, Turkey. Dr Kamaraju has erected and commissioned a medium-sized high voltage laboratory at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, College of Engineering, Kakinada. He has been honored as Best Teacher by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 2001. He has also authored books on electrical engineering in the past, includingHigh Voltage Engineering with the late Prof. M S Naidu and Electrical Power Distribution Systems; both published by Tata McGraw-Hill. S Kamakshaiah Formerly Professor and Head of Department Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh V Kamaraju Formerly Professor of Electrical Engineering and Principal College of Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offi ces New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Tata McGraw-Hill Published by the Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008. HVDC Transmission Copyright © 2011, by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited ISBN-13: 978-0-07-10-7253-3 ISBN-10: 0-07-10-7253-5 Vice President and Managing Director—McGraw-Hill Education, Asia-Pacifi c Region: Ajay Shukla Head—Higher Education Publishing and Marketing: Vibha Mahajan Manager: Sponsoring—SEM & Tech. Ed.: Shalini Jha Assoc. Sponsoring Editor: Suman Sen Editorial Researcher: Koyel Ghosh Sr Copy Editor: Nimisha Kapoor Jr Production Manager: Anjali Razdan Dy Marketing Manager: SEM & Tech. Ed.: Biju Ganesan Sr Product Specialist: SEM & Tech. Ed.: John Mathews General Manager—Production: Rajender P Ghansela Asst General Manager—Production: B L Dogra Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Typeset at The Composers, 260, C.A. Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at AP Offset Pvt. Ltd., 25/487, Zulfe Bengal, Dilshad Garden, New Delhi-110095 Cover Printer: AP Offset RALQCRXCDRRZC Dedicated to my Almighty S Kamakshaiah Dedicated to my Family V S Rao (son), V Radhika (daughter), V Rajiv (grandson) and VVSN Jagadeeswari (daughter-in-law) whose encouragement, patience and help made this book possible. V Kamaraju Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii List of Symbols xvii Abbreviations xix Inside xx Chapter One HVDC Transmission: Developments 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Development 1 1.3 Equipment required for HVDC Systems 13 1.4 Comparison of AC and DC Transmission 17 1.5 Limitations of HVDC Transmission Lines 28 1.6 Reliability of HVDC Systems 28 1.7 Standard Rated Voltages of HVDC and EHVAC Systems 29 1.8 Choice of EHVAC and UHVAC Lines and Substation 30 1.9 Comparison of HVDC Link with EHVAC Link 31 1.10 HVDC-VSC Transmission Systems 31 References 35 Worked Examples 35 Questions 37 Problems 38 Multiple Choice Questions 38 Chapter Two HVDC Converters 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 Thyristors and their Characteristics 40 2.3 Silicon Controlled Rectifi er (SCR) 42 2.4 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 53 2.5 HVDC Converter Valves and Valve Assembly 57 2.6 HVDC-Voltage Source Converters: Principle and Operation 58 2.7 3-phase 6-pulse Converters using SCRs or Thyristors 62 2.8 12-pulse Bridge Converters 63 References 65 Worked Examples 65 Questions 66 Multiple Choice Questions 66 Chapter Three 6-pulse Converter Operation and Analysis 68 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Conduction Sequence in 6-pulse Converter Confi guration 3 68 3.3 The Ideal Commutation Process without Gate Control 70 3.4 DC Output Voltage 71 3.5 Gate Control (Phase Control) of Valves 75 3.6 Analysis of Voltage Waveforms with Overlap Angle (m) 81 viii Contents 3.7 Voltage Drop in Per Unit Quantities 92 3.8 Complete Characteristics of Converter as Rectifi er/Inverter 94 3.9 Analysis of 12-pulse Converter 100 3.10 Power Flow in HVDC Links 103 3.11 Operation and Analysis of VSC Converters 106 References 112 Worked Examples 112 Questions 123 Problems 125 Multiple Choice Questions 126 Chapter Four Control of HVDC Converter and Systems 129 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Mechanism of AC Power Transmission 129 4.3 Principles of Control 130 4.4 Necessity of Control in case of a DC Link 130 4.5 Rectifi er Control 131 4.6 Compounding of Rectifi ers 135 4.7 Power Reversal in a DC Link 139 4.8 Voltage Dependent Current Order Limit (VDCOL)— Characteristics of the Converter 140 4.9 System Control Hierarchy and Basic Philosophy 142 4.10 Inverter Extinction Angle Control (EAG) 152 4.11 Pulse Phase Control 153 4.12 Starting and Stopping of a DC Link 154 4.13 Constant Power Control 156 4.14 Control Systems for HVDCConverters 156 4.15 Inverter Operation Problems 159 4.16 Control of VSC Converters 162 References 166 Worked Examples 166 Questions 170 Problems 171 Multiple Choice Questions 172 Chapter Five Harmonics in HVDC Systems 174 5.1 Introduction 174 5.2 Importance of Harmonic Study 174 5.3 Generation of Harmonics by Converters 174 5.4 Characteristic Harmonics on the DC Side 178 5.5 Characteristic Current Harmonics 181 5.6 Characteristic Variation of Harmonic Currents with Variation of aandm 187 5.7 Effect of Control Modes on Harmonics 188 5.8 Noncharacteristic Harmonics 189 5.9 Harmonics in VSC Converters 190 References 192 Worked Examples 192 Questions 195 ix Contents Problems 195 Multiple Choice Questions 195 Chapter Six Harmonic Suppression in HVDC System—Filters 197 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Harmonic Model and Equivalent Circuit 197 6.3 Use of Filters 200 6.4 Filter Confi guration 202 6.5 Design of a Band-Pass Filter 204 6.6 Minimum Cost of Tuned AC Filters 208 6.7 Design of High-Pass Filters 209 6.8 Protection of Filters 209 6.9 Reactive Power Considerations 210 6.10 DC Filters 212 6.11 Power Line Communication and RI Noise 213 6.12 Active Filters and their Applications 213 6.13 Filters with Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC Schemes 215 6.14 Other Methods of Harmonic Elimination 217 References 218 Worked Example 219 Questions 220 Multiple Choice Questions 221 Chapter Seven Grounding and Ground Electrodes for HVDC Systems 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Advantages and Problems with Ground Return 223 7.3 High Voltage Direct Current Systems—Grounding 225 7.4 The Current Field in the Earth near an Electrode 225 7.5 Resistance of Electrodes—Electric Current Field 227 7.6 Distribution of Current Field between the Electrodes 237 7.7 Natural Current Field due to the Earth’s Magnetic Field 238 7.8 Effect of Ground Return on Buried Objects 238 7.9 Requirements of Electrodes 239 7.10 Basic Parameters of Design of Ground Electrodes 240 7.11 Design of Land Electrodes 248 References 255 Worked Examples 255 Questions 258 Problems 259 Multiple Choice Questions 259 Chapter Eight Faults and Protection Schemes in HVDC Systems 262 8.1 Introduction 262 8.2 Nature and Types of Faults 262 8.3 Faults on AC side of Converter Stations 263 8.4 Converter Faults 265 8.5 Faults on DC side of the System 273 8.6 Protection against Overcurrents/Overvoltages 279 x Contents 8.7 Protection of Filter Units 280 References 280 Questions 281 Multiple Choice Questions 281 Chapter Nine Overvoltages and Insulation Co-ordination for HVDC Systems 283 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Insulators for HVDC Overhead Lines 284 9.3 Lightning Overvoltages 287 9.4 Fast Transient Overvoltages produced by Converters 289 9.5 Overvoltages due to Faults or Disturbances from AC side 290 9.6 Protection against Overvoltages 291 9.7 Insulation Design of DC Lines and Air Clearances 296 9.8 Insulation Co-ordination for Converter Stations and DC Systems 297 References 299 Worked Examples 299 Questions 303 Multiple Choice Questions 303 Chapter Ten Multiterminal HVDC Systems 305 10.1 Introduction 305 10.2 Types of Multiterminal (MTDC) Systems 306 10.3 Parallel Operation Aspects of MTDC 307 10.4 Paralleling (Disconnecting) of Units or Converter 309 10.5 Control of Power in MTDC 309 10.6 VSC—Multilevel DC Systems 311 References 314 Questions 314 Multiple Choice Questions 314 Chapter Eleven Parallel AC and DC Systems 316 11.1 Introduction 316 11.2 Power Transfer Capabilities 316 11.3 Reliability Conditions 317 11.4 Power Loss Considerations and Other Technical Aspects 317 11.5 Environmental Characteristics Considerations for DC Transmission 319 11.6 Power Upgrading and Conversion of AC Lines (Systems) into DC Lines 324 11.7 DC and AC System Interaction 327 11.8 Parallel AC/DC Systems 333 11.9 FACTS and FACT Converters/HVDC 338 11.10 Modelling of HVDC Systems 349 References 354 Questions 355 Multiple Choice Questions 356 Appendix Some HVDC Projects implemented in India 358 Author Index 365 Subject Index 367

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