HVAC Systems Duct Design

340 Pages·1990·22.81 MB·english

HVAC SYSTEMS
DUCT DESIGN
SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS'
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.
HVAC
SYSTEMS
DUCT
DESIGN
1990-Third Edition
U.S. & Metric Units
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors' National Association, Inc.
4201 LAFAYETTE CENTER DRIVE
CHANTILLY, VIRGINIA 20151-1209
HVAC SYSTEMS-DUCT DESIGN
SMACNA 1990
c
All Rights Reserved
SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.
4201 Lafayette Center Dr.
Chantilly, Virginia 20151-1209
703-803-2980
703-803-3732 Fax
Printed in the U.S.A.
FIRST EDITION - JULY 1977
SECOND EDITION -JULY 1981
THIRD EDITION -JUNE 1990
SECOND PRINTING - JULY 1991
THIRD PRINTING - NOVEMBER 1993
FOURTH PRINTING - DECEMBER 1996
SMACNA Duct Design Committee
Bruce Meyer, PC.E. hairman Robert DelVecchio
Daytons Bluff Sheet Metal, Inc. Harrington Bros. Inc.
St. Paul, Minnesota Randolph, Massachusetts
Paul A. Achey Keith A. Nemitz
Gross Mechanical Contr. Inc. Nemitz Sheet Metal, Inc.
St. Louis, Missouri Spokane, Washington
William T. Chaisson, P.E. James Smith, P.E.
Capitol Engineering Co. H&C Metal Products, Inc.
Newton, Massachusetts Santa Rosa, California
W. David Bevirt, P.E.
SMACNA, Inc.
Vienna, Virginia
Consultant (Chapter 11)
Douglas D. Reynolds, Ph.D.
Las Vegas, Nevada
FOREWORD
The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' costs). Materials, equipment, and construction meth-
National Association, Inc. (SMACNA), in keeping with ods must be chosen with respect to system first costs
its policy of disseminating information and providing and life cycle costing. This manual has been struc-
standards of design and construction, offers this tured to offer options in design, materials and con-
comprehensive and fundamental "HVAC Systems- struction methods, so as to allow the designer to cope
Duct Design" manual as part of the continuing effort with and solve increasingly complex design problems
to upgrade the heating, ventilating and air condition- using either U.S. units or metric units.
ing (HVAC) industry. This manual presents the basic
The SMACNA "HVAC Systems-Duct Design" man-
methods and procedures needed to design HVAC air
ual was written to be totally compatible with chapter
distribution systems. It does not deal with the deter-
32 of the ASHRAE 1989 "Fundamentals Handbook",
mination of air conditioning loads and room air quan-
although some new fitting loss coefficients found in
tities.
this SMACNA manual may be from more recent re-
This manual is part one of a three set "HVAC Sys- search projects. The basic fluid flow equations (Ber-
tems" Library. The second is the SMACNA "HVAC noulli, Darcy, Colebrook, Altshul, etc.) are not in-
Systems-Applications" manual which contains in- cluded, but may be found in the ASHRAE Handbook.
formation and data needed by designers and install- Practical applications of these equations are avail-
ers of more specialized air and hydronic HVAC sys- able through use of included tables and charts. Some
tems. The third manual is the "HVAC Systems- of the text in this manual has been taken with per-
Testing, Adjusting and Balancing" manual, a state- mission from various ASHRAE publications. Some
of-the-art publication on air and hydronic system test- was used as published, some edited, some revised,
ing and balancing. and some expanded with the addition of newer data.
The HVAC duct system designer is faced with many Although most HVAC systems are constructed to
considerations once load calculations are completed pressure classifications between minus 3 in. w.g. to
and the type of distribution system to be used has 10 in. w.g., (-750 Pa to 2500 Pa), the design methods,
been determined. This manual provides not only the tables, charts, and equations may be used to design
basic engineering guides for the sizing of HVAC duct- other types of duct systems operating at much higher
work systems, but guides in the areas of: pressures and temperatures. Air density correction
factors for both higher altitudes and temperatures are
a. Materials
included.
b. Methods of Construction
c. Economics of Duct Systems SMACNA recognizes that in the future, this manual
d. Duct System Layout must be expanded and updated. As need arises,
e. Calculation of System Pressure Losses manuals on related subjects may be developed. A
f. Fan Selection continuing effort will be made to provide the industry
g. Duct Leakage with a compilation of the latest construction methods
h. Acoustic Considerations and engineering data from recognized sources, and
i. Duct Heat Transfer from SMACNA research, supplemented by the ser-
j. Testing, Adjusting and Balancing vices of local SMACNA Chapters and SMACNA Con-
With emphasis on energy conservation, the designer tractors.
must balance duct sizes between the spaces allo-
cated and the duct system pressure losses (which W. David Bevirt, P.E.
directly affect the fan power and thus the operating Director of Technical Research
iii
NOTICE TO USERS
OF THIS PUBLICATION
1. Acceptance
This document or publication is prepared for voluntary acceptance and use within the limitations of
application defined herein, and otherwise as those adopting it or applying it deem appropriate. It is not a
safety standard. Its application for a specific project is contingent on a designer or other authority defining
a specific use. SMACNA has no power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this
document or publication and it has no role in any representations by other parties that specific components
are, in fact, in compliance with it.
2. Amendments
The Association may, from time to time, issue formal interpretations or interim amendments which can be
of significance between successive editions.
3. Proprietary Products
The Association refrains from endorsement of proprietary products. Any coincidence between features of
proprietary products and illustrations or specifications herein is unintentional.
4. Formal Interpretation
A formal interpretation of the literal text herein or the intent of the technical committee associated with
the document or publication is obtainable only on the basis of written petition, addressed to the committee
and sent to the Association's national office in Chantilly, Virginia, and subsequent receipt of a written
response signifying the approval of the chairman of the committee. In the event that the petitioner has a
substantive disagreement with the interpretation, successive appeals to other agents within the Association
who have oversight responsibilities are available. The request must pertain to a specifically identified portion
of the document that does not involve published text which provides the requested information. In considering
such requests, the Association will not review or judge products or components as being in compliance with
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the Association are unofficial. This procedure does not prevent any committee chairman, member of the
committee or staff liaison from expressing an opinion on a provision within the document, provided that
such person clearly states that the opinion is personal and does not represent an official act of the Associ-
ation in any way, and it should not be relied on as such. The Board of Directors of SMACNA shall have final
authority for interpretation of this standard with such rules of procedures as they may adopt for processing
same.
5. Application
Any Standards contained in this publication were developed using reliable engineering principles and
research plus consultation with, and information obtained from, manufacturers, users, testing laboratories
and others having specialized experience. They are subject to revision as further experience and investi-
gation may show is necessary or desirable. Construction and products which comply with these Standards
will not necessarily be acceptable if, when examined and tested, they are found to have other features which
impair the result contemplated by these requirements. The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors'
National Association assumes no responsibility and accepts no liability for the application of the principles
or techniques contained in this publication. Authorities considering adoption of any standards contained
herein should review all federal, state, local and contract regulations to specific installations.
6. Reprint Permission
Non-exclusive royalty-free permission is granted to government and private sector specifying authorities
to reproduce only any construction details found herein in their specifications and contract drawings prepared
for receipt of bids on new construction and renovation work within the United States and its territories,
provided that the material copied is unaltered in substance and that the reproducer assumes all liability for
the specific application, including errors in reproduction.
7. The SMACNA Logo
The SMACNA logo is registered as a membership identification mark. The Association prescribes ac-
ceptable use of the logo and expressly forbids the use of it to represent anything other than possession of
membership. Possession of membership and use of the logo in no way constitutes or reflects SMACNA
approval of any product, method or component. Furthermore, compliance of any such item with standards
published or recognized by SMACNA is not indicated by presence of the logo.
NOTICE TO USERS
OF THIS PUBLICATION
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
COMMITTEE
FOREWORD
NOTICE TO USERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION 1
A. Purpose 1.1
B. General Requirements 1.1
C. HVAC Systems Library 1.1
D. Codes and Ordinances 1.2
1. HVAC System Codes 1.2
2. Fire and Smoke Codes 1.3
2.1 ECONOMICS OF DUCT SYSTEMS
A. Introduction 2.1
1. Annual Owning Costs 2.1
2. Annual Operating Costs 2.1
B. Initial System Costs 2.1
C. Operation Costs 2.2
D. Controlling Costs 2.3
E. Duct Aspect Ratios 2.4
F. Pressure Classification and Leakage 2.4
G. Cost of Fittings 2.6
ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION 3.1
A. Comfort Conditions 3.1
B. Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) 3.1
1. Comfort Criteria 3.1
2. Definitions 3.3
3. Load Considerations 3.3
4. Design Conditions 3.3
5. Outlet Type Selection 3.3
6. Design Procedure 3.4
C. Air Distribution Fundamentals 3.5
1. Air Diffusion 3.5
2. Surface (Coanda) Effect 3.5
3. Smudging 3.6
v
4. Sound Level 3.6
5. Effect of Blades 3.6
6. Duct Approaches to Outlets 3.7
D. Outlet Location 3.8
1. Group A Outets 3.8
2. Group B Outlets 3.10
3. Group C Outlets 3.11
4. Group D Outlets 3.11
5. Group E Outlets 3.11
6. Ventilating Ceilings 3.11
E. Outlet Criteria 3.11
1. General 3.11
2. Selection Procedures 3.12
3. Grille and Register Applications 3.12
4. Slot Diffuser Applications 3.13
5. Ceiling Diffuser Applications 3.13
6. Air-Distributing Ceilings 3.15
7. Outlets in Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems 3.16
F. Inlet Criteria 3.17
1. General 3.17
2. Types of Inlets 3.17
3. Selection Procedures 3.17
4. Application 3.18
G. Summary 3.19
1. General 3.19
2. Supply Outlets 3.19
3. Accessories 3.21
4. Return & Exhaust Inlets 3.21
4
GENERAL APPROACH TO DUCT DESIGN 4.1
A. Duct System Selection 4.1
B. Air Distribution 4.1
C. Zoning 4.2
D. Preliminary Layout 4.2
E. Duct Sizing 4.2
F. Design Methods 4.3
1. Equal Friction 4.3
2. Static Regain 4.3
3. Extended Plenum 4.4
4. T-Method 4.4
5. Seldom Used Methods 4.4
6. Residential System Design 4.4
G. Duct Heat Gain or Loss 4.4
H. Sound and Vibration 4.5
I. Pressure Classification 4.5
vi
J. Duct Leakage 4.7
K. Fan Sizing 4.7
L. Testing, Adjusting and Balancing (TAB) 4.7
M. Final Design Documents 4.7
DUCT DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS 5.1
A. Duct System Airflow 5.1
1. Component Losses 5.1
2. System Curves 5.1
3. System Curve/Fan Curve Interaction 5.1
4. Fan Speed Change Effects 5.3
5. Air Density Effects 5.5
6. "Safety Factor" Cautions 5.5
B. Other Factors Affecting Duct System Pressures 5.6
1. System Effect 5.6
2. Wind Effect 5.6
3. Stack Effect 5.8
C. System Pressure Changes 5.9
1. Changes Caused by Flow 5.9
2. Straight Duct Sections 5.9
3. Reducers 5.9
4. Increasers 5.10
5. Exit Fittings 5.10
6. Entrance Fittings 5.10
7. System Pressures 5.10
8. Fan Pressures 5.10
9. Return Air System Pressures 5.10
D. Straight Duct Losses 5.12
1. Duct Friction Losses 5.12
2. Circular Equivalents 5.12
E. Dynamic Losses 5.12
1. Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients 5.12
2. Pressure Losses in Elbows 5.13
3. Pressure Losses in Divided-FlowF ittings 5.17
4. Losses Due to Area Changes 5.18
5. Other Loss Coefficients 5.18
6. Obstruction Avoidance 5.21
F. Duct Air Leakage 5.22
G. Duct Heat Gain/Loss 5.27
H. SMACNA Duct Research 5.28
DUCT CONNECTION PRESSURE LOSSES 6.1
6
A. Fan Outlet Conditions 6.1
1. Outlet Ducts 6.1
2. Outlet Diffusers or Evases 6.1
vii
3. Outlet Duct Elbows 6.4
4. Turning Vanes 6.4
5. Fan Volume Control Dampers 6.4
6. Duct Branches 6.7
B. Fan Inlet Conditions 6.7
1. Inlet Ducts 6.7
2. Inlet Elbows 6.7
3. Inlet Vortex 6.9
4. Inlet Duct Vanes 6.10
5. Straighteners 6.10
6. Enclosures 6.10
7. Obstructed Inlets 6.11
8. Field Fabricated Fan Inlet Box 6.15
C. Effects of Factory Supplied Accessories 6.15
1. Bearing Supports 6.15
2. Drive Guards 6.16
3. Belt Tube in Axial Fans 6.16
4. Factory Made Inlet Boxes 6.16
5. Inlet Vane Control 6.17
D. Calculating System Effect 6.17
7
DUCT SIZING PROCEDURES (U.S. UNITS)
7.1
A. Design Fundamentals 7.1
B. Design Objectives 7.1
C. Duct System Sizing Procedures 7.1
1. Introduction 7.1
2. Modified Equal Friction Design Procedures 7.2
3. Fitting Pressure Loss Tables 7.2
D. Supply Air Duct System-Sizing Example No. 1 7.4
1. Supply Fan Plenum 7.4
2. Supply Air System 7.5
E. Return Air (Exhaust Air) Duct System-Sizing Example No. 2 7.12
1. Exhaust Air Plenum Z 7.12
2. Exhaust Air System 7.12
F. Supply Air Duct System-Sizing Example No. 3 7.15
1. Introduction 7.15
2. Design Procedure 7.15
3. Supply Air System 7.16
G. Extended Plenum Duct Sizing 7.21
1. Introduction 7.21
2. Properties 7.21
3. Design Criteria 7.22
4. Comparison of Design Methods 7.22
5. Cost Comparison 7.23
viii
DUCT SIZING PROCEDURES (METRIC UNITS)
8.1
8
A. Design Fundamentals 8.1
1. Metric Design 8.1
2. Design Criteria 8.1
B. Design Objectives 8.1
C. Duct System Sizing Procedures 8.2
1. Introduction 8.2
2. Modified Equal Friction Design Procedures 8.2
3. Fitting Pressure Loss Tables 8.2
D. Supply Air Duct System Sizing-Example No. 1 8.4
1. Supply Fan Plenum 8.4
2. Supply Air System 8.4
E. Return Air (Exhaust Air) Duct System-Example No. 2 8.12
1. Exhaust Air Plenum Z 8.12
2. Exhaust Air System 8.12
F. Supply Air Duct System Sizing-Example No. 3 8.15
1. Introduction 8.15
2. Design Procedures 8.15
3. Supply Air System 8.15
G. Extended Plenum Duct Sizing 8.21
1. Introduction 8.21
2. Properties 8.22
3. Design Criteria 8.22
4. Comparison of Design Methods 8.22
5. Cost Comparison 8.23
PRESSURE LOSS OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS 9.1
A. Procedure 9.1
9
1. Preliminary Pressure Loss Data 9.1
2. Final Design Data 9.1
3. Submittal Review 9.1
B. Use of Tables and Charts 9.1
1. Filte 9.1
2. Dampers 9.1
3. Duct System Apparatus 9.4
4. Room Air Terminal Devices 9.6
5. Operating Conditions 9.6
C. Damper Charts 9.6
D. Duct System Apparatus Charts 9.7
E. Room Air Terminal Devices 9.13
F. Louver and Coil Design Data 9.15
ix