Hurst’s the Heart

2613 Pages·2017·218.3 MB·English

by  Valentin Fuster, Robert A. Harrington, Jagat Narula, Zubin J. Eapen

Hurst’s
The Heart
00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 1 07/04/17 2:54 pm
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Sameer Bansilal, MD Jason Kovacic, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI
Assistant Professor of Medicine and Cardiology Associate Professor of Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Associate Director of Operations New York, New York
Cardiovascular Clinical Trials and Population Health Research
Attending Physician—Mount Sinai Cardiovascular Institute
Te Mount Sinai Medical Center Gina LaRocca, MD, MHSc, FACC, FASE, FSCCT
New York, New York Associate Director of Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
Assistant Professor of Radiology
Javier G. Castillo, MD Fellowship Director of Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging
Assistant Professor Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Marie-Josée
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health
Te Mount Sinai Hospital Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York New York, New York
Srinivas Dukkipati, MD, FHRS Kenneth Mahafey, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Stanford University Medical Center
Director of Experimental Electrophysiology Laboratory Vice Chair of Medicine for Clinical Research
Te Mount Sinai Medical Center Department of Medicine
New York, New York Stanford, California
Judith Z. Goldfnger, MD, FACC Robert J. Mentz, MD, FACC
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Cardiology Assistant Professor of Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Director, Duke University Cooperative Cardiovascular Society
New York, New York Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation
Duke University Medical Center
Duke Clinical Research Institute
Francois Haddad, MD, FAHA
Durham, North Carolina
Associate Clinical Professor
Director of the Cardiovascular Biomarker and Phenotypic Core
Laboratory Matthew William Sherwood, MD
Co-Chair Heart Transplant Quality Council Interventional Cardiologist
Stanford University Inova Medical Group
Stanford Cardiovascular Institute Fairfax, Virginia
Stanford, California Inova Heart and Vascular Institute
Falls Church, Virginia
Paul Heidenreich, MD, MS
Professor of Medicine Benjamin A. Steinberg, MD, MHS, FACC
Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine Assistant Professor of Medicine
Stanford Hospital Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Staf Physician Section of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology
VA Palo Alto Health Care System University of Utah Health Care
Palo Alto, California Salt Lake City, Utah
Joshua W. Knowles, MD, PhD, FAHA, FACC
Assistant Professor, Cardiovascular Medicine
Stanford University
Stanford, California
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Hurst’s
The Heart
Fourteenth Edition
EDITORS
Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD Jagat Narula, MD, PhD, MACC
Physician-in-Chief, Te Mount Sinai Hospital Philip J. & Harriet L. Goodhart
Director, Mount Sinai Heart Professor of Medicine
Richard Gorlin, M.D. Heart Foundation Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Professor of Cardiology Chief of Cardiology
New York, New York St. Luke’s & Roosevelt Hospitals at Mount Sinai
Associate Dean
Robert A. Harrington, MD, MACC, FAHA Arnhold Institute of Global Health at Mount Sinai
Arthur L. Bloomfeld Professor of Medicine New York, New York
Chairman, Department of Medicine
Stanford University School of Medicine Zubin J. Eapen, MD, MHS
Stanford, California Associate Professor of Medicine
Medical Director, Duke
Heart Failure Same Day Access
Director of Education
IT Innovations, Department of Medicine
Director of Clinical Improvement, Department of Medicine
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina
LEAD ONLINE EDITOR
Prashant Vaishnava, MD
Director of Quality Assurance of Mount Sinai Heart
Te Mount Sinai Medical Center
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York
New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
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CONTENTS
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 10. Stem Cells and the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . 205
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Karim Sallam and Joseph C. Wu
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
SECTION 3
Volume One
Evaluation of the Patient
11. Te History, Physical Examination, and
SECTION 1 Cardiac Auscultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
William R. Miranda and Rick A. Nishimura
Cardiovascular Disease: Past, Present, and Future
12. Surface Electrocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
1. A History of the Cardiac Diseases, and Antoni Bayés de Luna, Diego Goldwasser, Miquel Fiol,
the Development of Cardiovascular Medicine and Antoni Bayés-Genis
as a Specialty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
13. Electrocardiographic Exercise Testing . . . . . . . . . . 318
Robert A. Harrington, Mark E. Silverman,
and Charles F. Wooley Gregory S. Tomas and Myrvin H. Ellestad
2. Te Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases . . . . 19 14. Cardiac Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Catherine P. Benziger, Andrew E. Moran, Geofrey D. Rubin
and Gregory A. Roth
15. Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
3. Assessing and Improving the Quality of Care Tomas H. Marwick, Anthony N. DeMaria,
in Cardiovascular Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Daniel G. Blanchard, and William A. Zoghbi
Yashashwi Pokharel and John A. Spertus
16. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart . . . . . . . 433
W. Gregory Hundley, Christopher M. Kramer,
and Javier Sanz
SECTION 2
17. Computed Tomography of the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Amir Ahmadi, Jagat Narula, and Jonathon Leipsic
Foundations of Cardiovascular Medicine
18. Nuclear Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
4. Functional Anatomy of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Daniel S. Berman, Rory Hachamovitch, Leslee J. Shaw,
Joseph F. Malouf, Joseph J. Maleszewski, A. Jamil Tajik,
Sean W. Hayes, Piotr J. Slomka, Guido Germano,
and James B. Seward
and Jagat Narula
5. Normal Physiology of the
19. Positron Emission Tomography
Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
in Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Brian D. Hoit, Richard A.
K. Lance Gould, Heinrich Schelbert, and Jagat Narula
Walsh, Valentin Fuster, and Borja Ibanez
20. Cardiac Catheterization, Cardiac Angiography,
6. Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Heart . . . . . 125
and Coronary Blood Flow and Pressure
Roger J. Hajjar, Kiyotake Ishikawa, and Tomas Tum
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
7. Biology of the Vessel Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Morton J. Kern and Arnold H. Seto
Hillary Johnston-Cox, Valentin Fuster,
21. Coronary Intravascular Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
and Jason C. Kovacic
Christos V. Bourantas, Yoshinobu Onuma, Renu Virmani,
8. Molecular and Cellular Development Jagat Narula, and Patrick W. Serruys
of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
22. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Miguel Torres and Silvia Martín-Puig
and Computed Tomography of the
9. Genetic Basis of Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . 174 Vascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Eloisa Arbustini, Valentina Favalli, Nupoor Narula, Eliana Marc R. Dweck, Michelle C. Williams, Prakash Krishnan,
Disabella, and Maurizia Grasso Valentin Fuster, Jagat Narula, and Zahi A. Fayad
v
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vi Contents
34. Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial
SECTION 4
Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
K. Lance Gould, Henry Gewirtz,
Systemic Arterial Hypertension
and Jagat Narula
23. Epidemiology of Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
35. Nonobstructive Atherosclerotic
Nathan D. Wong and Stanley S. Franklin and Nonatherosclerotic Coronary
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
24. Pathophysiology of Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
David E. Winchester and Carl J. Pepine
John E. Hall, Joey P. Granger, Daniel W. Jones,
and Michael E. Hall 36. Defnitions of Acute Coronary Syndromes . . . . . . . 946
25. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension . . . . . . . 751 Usman Baber, David Holmes, Jonathan Halperin,
and Valentin Fuster
Lawrence R. Krakof
37. Pathology of Myocardial Infarction
and Sudden Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
SECTION 5
Maria E. Romero, Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez,
Elena Ladich, Valentin Fuster, Borja Ibanez,
and Renu Virmani
Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
38. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms
26. Te Metabolic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury . . . . . 977
Michael A. Via and Jefrey I. Mechanick
Borja Ibanez, Gerd Heusch, David García-Dorado,
27. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 Valentin Fuster, and Derek Yellon
W. Timothy Garvey and Jefrey I. Mechanick
39. Evaluation and Management
28. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 789 of Non–ST-Segment Elevation
Michael E. Farkouh, Elliot J. Rayfeld, and Valentin Fuster Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
David J. Moliterno and James L. Januzzi, Jr.
29. Hyperlipidemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Robert S. Rosenson and Scott M. Grundy 40. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction . . . 1017
Manesh R. Patel, Mandeep Singh, Bernard J. Gersh,
and William O’Neill
SECTION 6
41. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Terapy
in Acute Coronary Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases Dominick J. Angiolillo, Gregory R. Giugliano, Daniel I.
Simon, and Roxana Mehran
30. Epidemiology of Smoking and Pathophysiology
of Cardiovascular Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 42. Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Sunil K. Agarwal, Petra Maslov, Jagat Narula, and in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Valentin Fuster and Acute Coronary Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
William O’Neill, Cindy Grines,
31. Preventing and Mitigating Smoking-Related
and George Dangas
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
Sara Kalkhoran and Stanton Glantz 43. Te Evaluation and Management
of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132
Bradley A. Maron, Bernard J. Gersh,
SECTION 7 and Patrick T. O’Gara
44. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafing
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
and Percutaneous Interventions in Stable
32. Atherothrombosis: Disease Burden, Activity, Ischemic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160
and Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Michael E. Farkouh, Samin K. Sharma,
Matthew I. Tomey, John Puskas,
Erling Falk and Valentin Fuster
and Valentin Fuster
33. Coronary Trombosis: Local
and Systemic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 45. Rehabilitation of the Patient with Coronary
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
Juan Jose Badimon, Borja Ibanez, Valentin Fuster, and
Lina Badimon Mary Ann McLaughlin
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Contents vii
58. Dilated Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1408
SECTION 8
Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli,
G. William Dec, and Jagat Narula
Valvular Heart Disease
59. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443
46. Acute Rheumatic Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187
Luís R. Lopes and Perry M. Elliott
Liesl Zühlke, Jagat Narula, and Jonathan R. Carapetis
60. Lef Ventricular Noncompaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465
47. Aortic Valve Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli,
Blase A. Carabello and Rebecca T. Hahn
Nupoor Narula, and Maurizia Grasso
48. Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215
61. Restrictive Heart Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1482
Javier G. Castillo, David H. Adams, Blasé A. Carabello,
Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli,
and Partho P. Sengupta
G. William Dec, Giovanni Palladini, and Jagat Narula
49. Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238
62. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509
John D. Groarke, Blasé A. Carabello, and Patrick T. O’Gara
Srinivas R. Dukkipati, Peter J. Mohler, Lorenzo Paolo Giuliani,
50. Mitral Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248 Valentina Favalli, Jagat Narula, and Eloisa Arbustini
Vinay K. Bahl, Ravi S. Math, and Blasé A. Carabello 63. Myocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1528
51. Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease . . . . . . . . 1260 Eloisa Arbustini, Manuela Agozzino, Valentina Favalli,
Joanna Y. Chikwe and Javier G. Castillo and Jagat Narula
52. Prosthetic Heart Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277 64. Te Athlete and the Cardiovascular
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561
Joanna Chikwe and Javier G. Castillo
N. A. Mark Estes III, Mark S. Link,
53. Antithrombotic Terapy for Valvular and Barry J. Maron
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300
65. Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly:
Vinay K. Bahl and Ravi S. Math
Pathophysiology and Clinical
54. Management of Mixed Valvular Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1310
Joshua M. Stolker, Dae H. Kim, and Michael W. Rich
Blasé A. Carabello
66. Pericardial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594
William R. Miranda, Massimo Imazio, Kevin L. Greason,
John M. Stulak, and Jae K. Oh
Volume Two
67. Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1621
Joseph S. Alpert and Stephen A. Klotz
SECTION 9
Congenital Heart Disease SECTION 11
55. Mendelian Basis of Congenital and Other
Cardiovascular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319 Heart Failure
Ali J. Marian, Ramon Brugada, and Robert Roberts 68. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1651
56. Congenital Heart Disease in Adolescents Hanna K. Gaggin and G. William Dec
and Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363
69. Te Epidemiology of Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674
Jeannette P. Lin, Jamil A. Aboulhosn, and John S. Child
Deepak K. Gupta, Charlotte Andersson,
Ramachandran S. Vasan, and Tomas J. Wang
70. Te Diagnosis and Management of
SECTION 10
Chronic Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1690
Tariq Ahmad, Javed Butler, and Barry Borlaug
Myocardial, Pericardial, and Endocardial Diseases
71. Evaluation and Management of Acute
57. Classifcation of Cardiomyopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397 Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1726
Jagat Narula, Barry J. Maron, Navneet Narula, Michelle Weisfelner Bloom, Robert T. Cole,
and Eloisa Arbustini and Javed Butler
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viii Contents
72. Cardiac Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746 85. Ventricular Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983
Michelle M. Kittleson, Jignesh K. Patel, Jason S. Bradfeld, Noel G. Boyle, and Kalyanam Shivkumar
and Jon A. Kobashigawa
86. Bradyarrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006
73. Mechanically Assisted Circulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1768 Pugazhendhi Vijayaraman and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen
Joseph G. Rogers, Chetan B. Patel,
87. Antiarrhythmic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2029
and Carmelo A. Milano
Joshua M. Arkin, Colleen Hanley, Gan-Xin Yan,
and Peter R. Kowey
SECTION 12 88. Catheter-Ablative Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2047
Amit Noheria, Abhishek J. Deshmukh,
Cardiopulmonary Disease Christopher McLeod, and Samuel J. Asirvatham
89. Pacemakers and Defbrillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2066
74. Pulmonary Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1785
Gaurav A. Upadhyay and Jagmeet P. Singh
Lewis J. Rubin
90. Diagnosis and Management of Syncope . . . . . . . . 2098
75. Pulmonary Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1809
Blair P. Grubb
Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Victor Tapson,
Valentin Fuster, and Borja Ibanez 91. Sudden Cardiac Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2113
76. Cor Pulmonale: Te Heart in Parenchymal Jonathan W. Waks and Mark E. Josephson
Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835
92. Cardiopulmonary and Cardiocerebral
Ori Ben-Yehuda Resuscitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2144
Eyal Herzog, Lee Herzog, and Emad Aziz
77. Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Cardiac
Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1841
Martin R. Cowie
SECTION 14
SECTION 13
Diseases of the Great Vessels and Peripheral Vessels
Rhythm and Conduction Disorders
93. Diseases of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2157
78. Electrophysiologic Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1865 John A. Eleferiades, Jefrey W. Olin,
Jonathan L. Halperin, and Bulat A. Ziganshin
Jonathan P. Piccini, Siew Yen Ho, and Anton E. Becker
94. Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurologic
79. Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Manifestations of Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195
and Conduction Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1881
Megan C. Leary, Jefrey S. Veluz, and Louis R. Caplan
Peng-Sheng Chen and Charles Antzelevitch
95. Carotid Artery Stenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222
80. Genetics of Channelopathies and Clinical
Sriram Iyer, Gary Roubin, and Jefrey W. Olin
Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910
Silvia G. Priori and Carlo Napolitano 96. Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the
Peripheral Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2248
81. Approach to the Patient with
Kevin P. Cohoon, Paul W. Wennberg, and Tom W. Rooke
Cardiac Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923
Sanjiv M. Narayan and David E. Krummen 97. Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the
Peripheral Venous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2261
82. Invasive Diagnostic Electrophysiology . . . . . . . . . 1938
Daniella Kadian-Dodov and Jefrey W. Olin
Dinesh Sharma and Srinivas R. Dukkipati
83. Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter,
and Atrial Tachycardia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1950
SECTION 15
Eric N. Prystowsky, Jonathan Halperin, and
Peter Kowey
Miscellaneous Conditions and Cardiovascular Disease
84. Supraventricular Tachycardia: Atrial
Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry, 98. Perioperative Evaluation for
and Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome . . . . . . . . 1967 Noncardiac Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2275
Hugh Calkins Daniel Alyesh and Kim Eagle
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Contents ix
99. Anesthesia and the Patient with
SECTION 16
Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2284
David L. Reich, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, and Joel A. Kaplan
Populations and Social Determinants of
100. Rheumatologic Diseases and the
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293
Parisa Azizad-Pinto and Victor F. Tapson 107. Social Determinants of Cardiovascular
Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2401
101. Te Diagnosis and Management of
Holly G. Atkinson
Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients
with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2308 108. Women and Ischemic Heart Disease:
Gagan Sahni, Tiziano Scarabelli, and Edward T. H. Yeh An Evolving Saga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2414
Leslee J. Shaw, Pamela Charney, and Nanette K. Wenger
102. HIV/AIDS and the Cardiovascular
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2328
109. Race, Ethnicity, and Cardiovascular Disease . . . . 2434
William Lewis and Peter F. Currie
George A. Mensah and Patrice Desvigne-Nickens
103. Heart Disease in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2345
110. Environment and Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2449
Dan G. Halpern, Amy Sarma, Katherine E. Economy,
Philip J. Landrigan and Kimberly Morland
and Anne Marie Valente
111. Behavioral Cardiology: Epidemiology,
104. Traumatic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2364
Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management . . . . 2459
T. Bruce Ferguson, Jr.
Alan Rozanski
105. Te Kidney in Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2369
112. Economics and Cost-Efectiveness
Bjorn Redfors, Rushad Dordi, and Ori Ben-Yehuda
in Cardiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2472
106. Exercise in Health and Cardiovascular Daniel B. Mark
Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2388
Gerald F. Fletcher, Tomas R. Flipse,
and Robert E. Saford Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1–I78
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