Hurricane Monitoring With Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar

406 Pages·2017·23.685 MB·English

by  Xiaofeng Li (eds.)

Springer Natural Hazards
Xiaofeng Li E ditor
Hurricane
Monitoring With
Spaceborne
Synthetic
Aperture Radar
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Xiaofeng Li
Editor
Hurricane Monitoring With
Spaceborne Synthetic
Aperture Radar
123
Editor
Xiaofeng Li
National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration
CollegePark, MD
USA
ISSN 2365-0656 ISSN 2365-0664 (electronic)
SpringerNatural Hazards
ISBN978-981-10-2892-2 ISBN978-981-10-2893-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2893-9
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Preface
Syntheticapertureradar(SAR)isahigh-resolution(<100mspatialresolution)and
large swath (450 km) microwave radar that can image the ocean surface under all
weatherconditions,dayandnight.ThefirstspaceborneSARonboardtheNational
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) SEASAT was launched in 1978.
Sincethen,tropicalcycloneshavebeenobservedonmanySARimages.However,
utilization of SAR imagery is a relatively new tool for hurricane research and
forecasting due to its limited temporal and spatial coverage, lack of operational
analysis tools and high cost. All these impediments are in the process of being
swept away. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is
implementing an operational SAR wind operational processing system. European
Space Agency (ESA) launched the first operational SAR satellite, Sentinel-1A, in
2014,andthentheSentinel-1Bin2016.CanadianSpaceAgency(CSA)willlaunch
the RADARSAT Constellation Mission SAR missions in 2018 time frame.
Currently, the Sentinel-1 SAR data are freely available on ESA’s internet hub at
nearrealtime.OtherSARdataareavailableeitherthroughcommercialpurchaseor
researchproposalsfromtheCSARADARSAT-2,theJapanAerospaceExploration
Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2, the German DLR TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X, Italian
COSMO-SkyMed, among others.
Unlikeconventionalpolar-orbitingandgeostationaryweathersatellitehurricane
images,whichareacquiredbypassiveremotesensinginstrumentsoperatinginthe
visible and infrared channels and show the spiral cloud patterns, SAR images
provideinformationoftheintenseair-seainteractionrightattheoceansurfacewith
much higher spatial resolution since the active microwave SAR signal penetrates
the clouds. Information of sea surface wind, swell wave, boundary layer roll, eye
structure, mesovortices, rainbands, and arc clouds can all be retrieved from SAR
with some uncertainties. Due to SAR’s great imaging capabilities, the numbers of
SAR-basedresearchandthescientistshavebeengrowingexponentiallyinthepast
decade. In addition, weather forecasters are able to look at hurricanes in such fine
scale on SAR imagery for the first time. A lot of researches are devoted to
developing new capabilities to use SAR data for hurricane research as it reveals
fine-structure of micro- and meso-scale features within a hurricane system.
v
vi Preface
The book is based on many cutting-edge researches that the chapter authors
contributedtoSARhurricaneresearchinrecentyears.Thetargetedreadersinclude
oceanographers,meteorologists,remotesensingscientists,andgraduatestudentsin
these subject matters.
Washington, D.C., USA Xiaofeng Li
January 2017
Acknowledgements
Editorial assistance from Dongliang Shen and Hongyuan Zhang and help from
Springer Nature editor Lisa Fan are greatly appreciated. The views, opinions, and
findingscontainedinthisbookarethoseoftheauthorsandshouldnotbeconstrued
as an official NOAA or U.S. government position, policy, or decision.
vii
Contents
1 Hurricane Precipitation Observed by SAR... .... .... ..... .... 1
D.G. Long and C. Nie
2 Tropical Cyclone Multiscale Wind Features from Spaceborne
Synthetic Aperture Radar..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 25
Jun A. Zhang and Xiaofeng Li
3 Observations of Typhoon Eye on Ocean Surface Using SAR
and Other Satellite Sensors.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 41
Antony K. Liu, Yu-Hsin Cheng and Jingsong Yang
4 Tropical Cyclone Wind Field Reconstruction from SAR
and Analytical Model ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69
Xiaofeng Yang, Xuan Zhou, Xiaofeng Li and Ziwei Li
5 High Wind Speed Retrieval from Multi-polarization SAR.... .... 85
Biao Zhang and William Perrie
6 Observation of Sea Surface Wind and Wave in X-Band
TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X Over Hurricane Sandy.. ..... .... 99
XiaoMing Li and Susanne Lehner
7 Extracting Hurricane Eye Morphology from Spaceborne SAR
Images Using Morphological Analysis... .... .... .... ..... .... 119
Isabella K. Lee, Ali Shamsoddini, Xiaofeng Li, John C. Trinder
and Zeyu Li
8 Tropical Cyclone Center Location in SAR Images Based
on Feature Learning and Visual Saliency .... .... .... ..... .... 141
Shaohui Jin, Shuang Wang, Xiaofeng Li, Licheng Jiao
and Jun A. Zhang
9 Observing Typhoons from Satellite-Derived Images.... ..... .... 183
Gang Zheng, Jingsong Yang, Antony K. Liu, Xiaofeng Li,
William G. Pichel, Shuangyan He and Shui Yu
ix
x Contents
10 Coupled Nature of Hurricane Wind and Wave Properties
for Ocean Remote Sensing of Hurricane Wind Speed .. ..... .... 215
Paul A. Hwang, Xiaofeng Li and Biao Zhang
11 Hurricane Winds Retrieval from C Band Co-pol SAR.. ..... .... 237
Hui Shen, Will Perrie and Yijun He
12 Sea-Level Pressure Retrieval from SAR Images of Tropical
Cyclones.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 255
Ralph Foster
13 Electromagnetic Scattering of Rainfall and Tropical
Cyclones over Ocean.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 271
Feng Xu and Xiaofeng Li
14 Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations of Extreme
Hurricane Wind and Rain .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 299
Guosheng Zhang, Xiaofeng Li and William Perrie
15 Detecting the Effects of Hurricanes on Oil Infrastructure
(Damage and Oil Spills) Using Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) Imagery... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 347
Christopher R. Jackson and Oscar Garcia-Pineda
16 Tropical Cyclone Eye Morphology and Extratropical-Cyclone-
Forced Mountain Lee Waves on SAR Imagery.... .... ..... .... 373
Qing Xu, Xiaofeng Li, Shaowu Bao and Guosheng Zhang