Hupa Grammar [PhD diss]

325 Pages·1970·8.668 MB·English

by  Victor K. Golla

GOLLA, Victor Karl, 1939-
HUPA GRAMMAR.
University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D.,
1970
Language and ~iterature,l inguistics
University Microfilms, A XEROXCornpany , Ann Arbor, Michigan
c>
Copyright by
VICTOR KARL GOLLA
1971
Hupa Grammar
BY
Victor Karl Golla
A.B. (university of ~alifornia)1 960
DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
Linguistics
in the
GRADUATE DIVISION
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERT(ELEY
Approved:
Committee in Charge
.....D.E.G.R.EE. .C.O.NF.E.R.R.ED. .S.EP.T.. .1.8,. .19.7.0. ..........
Degreeconferred
Date
Hupa Grammar
by
Victor Karl Golla
B.A. (University of California.) 1960
DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial satisfaction
of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
Linguistics
in the
GRADUATE DIVISION
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
Committee in charge :
Mary R. Haas
Wallace L. Chafe
Harry Hoijer
I am in the debt of many people for their aid
and encouragement in my Hupa work. The project was first
suggested to me by Professor Mary R. Haas, who waited
with exemplary patience for its completion, never failing
in her support. Professors Harry Hoijer and Michael E.
Krauss, my fellow Athabaskanists, turned what might have
been a tedious chore into an intellectual adventure.
Professor Wallace L. Chafe and my fellow students at
Berkeley provided the best of all possible company in
scholarship. For diverse reasons, but with equal magni-
tude, I am ever grateful to Carolyn Pomeroy, Leonard
Talmy, and Shirley Silver.
What I owe to Edward Sapir the following pages
will attest.
Without my wife, Susan, nothing could have been
done.
But of course it is to the Hupa themselves that
1 owe the most. It is impolite, in Hoopa Vallsy, to
mention the dead, so I shall not. But may their shades
know, over across, that /y~ma*n?d~klY ~le=x~rje/m em-
bers and loves them still.
CONTENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
100. INTRODUCTION 8
110. The Hupa 8
120. Previous work 13
130. The present work 19
130.1 Materials 19
130.2 Model 21
200. PIIONOLOGY 24
210. Phonemics 25
211. Consonants 25
211.1 Stops 26
211.2 Affricates 28
211.3 Fricatives 30
211.4 Resonants 31
211.5 Glides 33
212. Vowels 35
212.1 Tense vowels 55
212.2 Lax vowel 36
213. Prosodemes 39
213.1 Pause 39
213,2 Interjected high pitch 40
220. Morpheme elements 42
221. Types of element 43
221.1 Pull syllables 43
221.2 Reduced syllables 43
iii
221.3 Single consonants 43
221.4 Exceptional elements 43
'
222. Basic phonemes 45
222.1 Basic consonants 45
222.2 Basic vowels 46
223. Restrictions on occurrence of basic
phonemes 47
230. Phonological rules 49
231. Rules for full vowels 50
232. Rules for reduced vowels 53
233. Rules for consonants 54
300. MORPHOLOGY OF THE VERB 56
310. Prefix positions 1, 2, and 3 57
311. Mode markers 58
312. Mode markers in other positions 58
313. Form of the mode markers 61
313.1 Imperfective 61
313.2 $n~n-p erfective 61
313.3 #SL- perfective 62
313.4 #w~n-p erfective 65
313.5 #wes~-p erfective 66
313.6 Progressive 66
313.7 Customary 67
313.8 Optative 67
313.9 Potential 68
314. Subject markers 69
314.1 First person singular 68
314.2 Second person singular 71
314.3 First person plural 71
14.4 Second person plural 71
315. Classifiers 73
316. Classifiers in comparative perspective 74
317. Occurrence and general function of
classifiers 76
317.1 #&- classifier 76
317.2 # d ~ -c lassifier 79
317.3 #1- classifier 82
317.4 Compound classifiers 86
317.5 Other classifiers 88
317.51 #n- classifier 88
317.52 #s- classifier 88
317.53 #W- classifier 83
318. Summary of forms in combination 90
320. Prefix positions 7 and 8 97
321. Deictic markers (position 8) 98
321.1 # y ~ -de ictic 98
321.11 Comparative remarks on
#YL- deictic 98
321.2 #EL- deictic 100
321.3 #xW deictic 101
L-
321.4 # ~ Y L -d eictic 102
322. Object markers (position 7) 103
322.1 Personal objects 103
322.11 First person singular 103
322.12 Second person singular 103
322.13 First or second person
plural 104
322.2 Impersonal objects 105
322.21 General deictic object 105
322.22 Human deictic object 106
322.23 Place deictic object 107
322.24 Specific (thematic) deictic
object 107
322.3 Relational objects 108
322.31 Reflexive object 108
322.32 Reciprocal object 109
322.33 Passive object 109
323. Deictic and object markers in semi-
transitive bases 111
324. Summary of forms in combination 112
330. Prefix positions 4, 9, and 10 115
331. Distributive (position 4) 115
332. Plural (position 9) 117
333. Iterative (position 10) 118
340. Prefix positions 5 and 11 120
340.1 Types of base formatives 120
340.2 Perfective specification 121
341. Directional prefixes 124
342. Action prefixes 129
343. Adjectival prefixes 131
343.1 #?al1- 'thus, SO' 131
343.2 #-ell- 'as 0 (is, does) ' 132
343.3 Variants with #it1- 132
344. Other adverbial prefixes 133
344.1 Progressive and stative base
formatives 133
344.2 Non-directional formative 134
345. Phonological variation in adverbial
.--
-
prefixesY 135
350. Thematic prefixes (positions 6 and 11) 136
351. Semantic class markers (posi$ion 6) 137
352. First elements of compound stems
(position 6) 14-4
353. Thematic prefixes in position 11 146
353.1 Semitransitive (#0-ol1-) 146
353.2 Simple prefixes 147
353.3 Complex prefixes 148
360. Stems and stem suffixes 149
361. Stems in active themes 150
362. Formation of derivative stem forms 152
362.1 The customary stem 152
362.2 The optative stem 153
362.3 The potential stem 153
362.4 The progressive stem 154
SYSTEM OF THE VERB 156
410. Theme types 157
411 Subject inflection 158
411.1 Impersonal themes 158
411.11 Inherently impersonal 158
vii
411.12 Impersonal themes with
deictic subject markers 159
411.2 Personal themes 161
411.3 Singular and plural themes 162
42. Object inflection 163
412.1 Basic transitive themes 163
412.2 Semitransitive themes 163
412.3 Thematic objects 164
413. Modal inflection 166
413.1 Neuter themes 166
413.11 Imperfective neuter 166
413.12 #n~n-a nd #w~n-p erfective
neuter 166
413.13 #SL- perfective neuter 167
413.14 Progressive neuter 169
420. Description theme system 171
421. Adjectival classes 172
422. Secondary themes 175
422.1 Transitional 175
422.2 Causative 176
430. Motion theme systems 178
431. Directional theme system 180
431.1 Primary theme 180
431.2 Derivatives from primary
intransitives 180
431.3 Derivatives from primary
transitives 181