Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology , Ninth Edition PDF
Preview Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology , Ninth Edition
Wadsworth Anthropology From the Field: Case Studies and Modules From the fi eld to the classroom www.cengage.com/community/fromthefield Visit our new website and explore the titles in our three case study series by region or topic. Then, contact your Cengage Learning representative for specially priced packages of this text with our case studies. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. 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This page intentionally left blank Ninth Edition H UMANITY An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology James Peoples Ohio Wesleyan University Garrick Bailey University of Tulsa Australia(cid:129)Brazil(cid:129)Japan(cid:129)Korea(cid:129)Mexico(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Spain(cid:129)UnitedKingdom(cid:129)UnitedStates Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Humanity:AnIntroductiontoCultural ©2012,2009Wadsworth,CengageLearning Anthropology,NinthEdition ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright JamesPeoplesand hereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,stored,orusedinanyformor GarrickBailey byanymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingbutnot limitedtophotocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Web AcquiringEditor:ErinMitchell distribution,informationnetworks,orinformationstorageand DevelopmentalEditor:RobertJucha retrievalsystems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe AssistantEditor:JohnChell 1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermis- EditorialAssistant:MalloryOrtberg sionofthepublisher. MediaEditor:MelanieCregger Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat MarketingManager:AndrewKeay CengageLearningCustomer&SalesSupport,1-800-354-9706. 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B C RIEF ONTENTS 1 T S H 1 HE TUDY OF UMANITY P H , C , L 21 ARTI UMANITY ULTURE AND ANGUAGE 2 C 21 ULTURE 3 C L 47 ULTURE AND ANGUAGE P T M C A 68 ARTII HEORIES AND ETHODS OF ULTURAL NTHROPOLOGY 4 T D A T 68 HE EVELOPMENT OF NTHROPOLOGICAL HOUGHT 5 M I 95 ETHODS OF NVESTIGATION P T D C 112 ARTIII HE IVERSITY OF ULTURES 6 C N : I ULTURE AND ATURE NTERACTING E 112 WITH THE NVIRONMENT 7 E E S 142 XCHANGE IN CONOMIC YSTEMS 8 M F 163 ARRIAGES AND AMILIES 9 K D 191 INSHIP AND ESCENT 10 E L C 214 NCULTURATION AND THE IFE OURSE 11 G C P 237 ENDER IN OMPARATIVE ERSPECTIVE 12 T O P L 268 HE RGANIZATION OF OLITICAL IFE 13 S I S 290 OCIAL NEQUALITY AND TRATIFICATION 14 R W 313 ELIGION AND ORLDVIEW 15 A A 343 RT AND THE ESTHETIC P A G C 363 ARTIV NTHROPOLOGY IN THE LOBAL OMMUNITY 16 G 363 LOBALIZATION 17 E E C 387 THNICITY AND THNIC ONFLICT 18 W P P A 411 ORLD ROBLEMS AND THE RACTICE OF NTHROPOLOGY iii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. C ONTENTS Preface xi About the Authors xvii Understanding Human Cultures: Anthropological Approaches 16 1 HolisticPerspective 16 T S H 1 HE TUDY OF UMANITY Comparative Perspective 16 Relativistic Perspective 16 Subfields of Anthropology 2 The Value of Anthropology 18 Archaeology 3 Conceptreview Primary Interests of the Five Biological/PhysicalAnthropology 4 Subfields of Anthropology 3 CulturalAnthropology 6 Acloserlook Six Million Years of AnthropologicalLinguistics 10 Humanity 7 Applying Anthropology 10 Globalization A Short History of AppliedAnthropology 10 Globalization 14 CareersinAnthropology 12 Summary 19 Cultural Anthropology Today 12 Media Resources 20 P H , C , L ART I UMANITY ULTURE AND ANGUAGE 2 C 21 ULTURE Biology and Culture 41 Introducing Culture 22 BiologyandCultural Differences 41 Defining Culture 24 CulturalUniversals 43 Shared... 24 Globalization Is Everyone Becoming a ...SociallyLearned.. . 25 Westerner? 28 ...Knowledge... 27 Conceptreview Components of Cultural ...andPatterns ofBehavior 29 Knowledge 31 Cultural Knowledge 31 Acloserlook The Cultural Construction of Norms 31 Race 36 Values 32 Summary 45 Symbols 32 Media Resources 46 ClassificationsandConstructions of Reality 34 3 Worldviews 35 C L 47 The Origins of Culture 38 ULTURE AND ANGUAGE Culture and Human Life 39 Humanity and Language 48 Cultural Knowledge and Individual Five Properties of Language 49 Behavior 39 Discreteness 49 IsBehavior Determined byCulture? 39 Arbitrariness 50 WhyDoes BehaviorVary? 40 Productivity 50 iv Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents v Displacement 50 Language,Perceptions, andWorldview 61 MultimediaPotential 51 Conceptreview Five Properties of How Language Works 51 Language 51 SoundSystems 52 Acloserlook Indian Givers 55 WordsandMeanings 53 Globalization Globalization and Communication and Social Behavior 54 Language 64 NonverbalCommunication 55 Summary 66 SpeechandSocialContext 57 Media Resources 67 Language and Culture 59 LanguageasaReflectionofCulture 59 P T M C A ART II HEORIES AND ETHODS OF ULTURAL NTHROPOLOGY 4 T D HE EVELOPMENT OF Conceptreview Comparison of the ANTHROPOLOGICAL Scientific and Humanistic Approaches 83 THOUGHT 68 Acloserlook An Example of Materialism: Population Pressure and Cultural Main Issues Today 69 Evolution 87 The Emergence of Anthropology 70 Summary 93 Late-Nineteenth-Century Unilineal Media Resources 94 Evolutionism 72 5 AScienceofCulture? 74 M Anthropological Thought in the Early ETHODS OF Twentieth Century 74 I 95 NVESTIGATION Historical ParticularismintheUnited States (ca.1900–1940) 74 Ethnographic Methods 96 BritishFunctionalism,1920s–1960s 78 Ethnographic Fieldwork 96 TheTraditionofFieldwork 79 ProblemsandIssues inField The Rebirth of Evolutionism in the Research 98 Mid-Twentieth Century 80 Fieldwork asaRiteofPassage 103 Ethnohistory 104 Anthropological Thought Today: Divisions 82 Comparative Methods 104 Scientific Approaches 83 Cross-Cultural Comparisons 105 ControlledComparisons 107 EvolutionaryPsychology 83 Materialism 85 Globalization Ethics and Field Humanistic Approaches 86 Research 100 InterpretiveAnthropology 89 Acloserlook Marshall Sahlins, Gananath Postmodernism 90 Obeyesekere, and Captain James Cook 108 Either, Or, or Both? 91 Conceptreview Methods of Why Can’t All Those Anthropologists Investigation 110 Agree? 91 Summary 110 Globalization Native Anthropology 81 Media Resources 111 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi g CONTENTS P T D C ART III HE IVERSITY OF ULTURES 6 C N : ULTURE AND ATURE Balanced Reciprocity 146 INTERACTING WITH THE NegativeReciprocity 149 E 112 Reciprocity andSocialDistance 149 NVIRONMENT Redistribution 151 UnderstandingRelationshipswithNature 113 Market Exchange 152 Hunting and Gathering 115 Money 152 ForagingandCulture 116 OnMarketEconomies 155 WhatHappenedtoHuntersandGatherers? 120 Globalization and Markets 157 Domestication 121 Conceptreview Three Forms of Exchange in BeginningsofDomestication 121 Economic Systems 145 AdvantagesandCostsofCultivation 124 Acloserlook “Insulting the Meat” Among Horticulture 124 the Ju/’hoansi 148 VarietiesofHorticulture 124 Globalization Globalization of Indigenous Products 158 CulturalConsequencesofHorticulture 126 Summary 161 Intensive Agriculture 126 Media Resources 162 VarietiesofIntensive Agriculture 127 CulturalConsequencesofIntensive 8 Agriculture 128 M F 163 Pastoralism 130 ARRIAGES AND AMILIES Nature and Culture in Preindustrial Some Definitions 164 Times 133 Incest Taboos 166 Industrialism 134 Marriage 169 Globalization of Production 135 DefiningMarriage 169 Globalization and the Environment 136 FunctionsofMarriage 170 Acloserlook Domesticates in the Old and TwoUnusualForms 171 New Worlds 122 Variations in Marriage Beliefs and Practices 173 Conceptreview MajorFormsofPreindustrial Adaptations and Their Cultural MarriageRules 173 Consequences 134 HowManySpouses? 174 MarriageAlliances 180 Globalization Globalization and Climate Marital Exchanges 181 Change 138 Kinship Diagrams 183 Summary 140 Postmarital Residence Patterns 183 Media Resources 141 InfluencesonResidencePatterns 185 7 ResidenceandHouseholds 186 EXCHANGE IN ECONOMIC Family and Household Forms 187 S 142 Matrifocal Households 187 YSTEMS Extended Households 188 Economic Systems 144 Conceptreview Terms for Groups Reciprocity 145 Formed on the Basis of Kinship GeneralizedReciprocity 146 Relationships 165 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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