Human—Computer Interaction: Interact ’95

444 Pages·1995·69.782 MB·English

by  Knut Nordby, Per Helmersen, David J. Gilmore, Svein A. Arnesen (eds.)

Human-Computer
Interaction
IFIP - The International Federation for Information Processing
IFIP was founded in 1960 under the auspices of UNESCO, following the First World
Computer Congress held in Paris the previous year. An umbrella organization for societies
working in information processing, IFIP's aim is two-fold: to support information processing
within its member countries and to encourage technology transfer to developing nations. As
its mission statement clearly states,
IFIP's mission is to be the leading, truly international, apolitical organization which
encourages and assists in the development, exploitation and application of information
technology for the benefit of all people.
IFIP is a non-profitmaking organization, run almost solely by 2500 volunteers. It operates
through a number of technical committees, which organize events and publications. IFIP' s
events range from an international congress to local seminars, but the most important are:
• the IFIP World Computer Congress, held every second year;
• open conferences;
• working conferences.
The flagship event is the IFIP World Computer Congress, at which both invited and
contributed papers are presented. Contributed papers are rigorously refereed and the rejection
rate is high.
As with the Congress, participation in the open conferences is open to all and papers may
be invited or submitted. Again, submitted papers are stringently refereed.
The working conferences are structured differently. They are usually run by a working
group and attendance is small and by invitation only. Their purpose is to create an atmosphere
conducive to innovation and development. Refereeing is less rigorous and papers are
subjected to extensive group discussion.
Publications arising from IFIP events vary. The papers presented at the IFIP World
Computer Congress and at open conferences are published as conference proceedings, while
the results of the working conferences are often published as collections of selected and
edited papers.
Any national society whose primary activity is in information may apply to become a full
member of IFIP, although full membership is restricted to one society per country. Full
members are entitled to vote at the annual General Assembly, National societies preferring a
less committed involvement may apply for associate or corresponding membership. Associate
members enjoy the same benefits as full members, but without voting rights. Corresponding
members are not represented in IFIP bodies. Affiliated membership is open to non-national
societies, and individual and honorary membership schemes are also offered.
Human-Computer
Interaction
Interact '95
Edited by
Knut Nordby, Per Helmersen
Telenor Research
Kjeller
Norway
David J. Gilmore
University of Nottingham
Nottingham
UK
and
Svein A. Arnesen
Telenor IT
Lillehammer
Norway
1nn1
SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING, CHAM
First edition 1995
© 1995 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995
ISBN 978-1-5041-2898-8 ISBN 978-1-5041-2896-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-5041-2896-4
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or
review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication
may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of repro graphic reproduction only in
accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the
UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction
Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms
stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of
the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability
for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
§
Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with
ANSIJNISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSIJNISO Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper).
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Conference Organizers and International Programme Committee xiii
Editor's Note xvii
PART ONE Keynote Addresses 1
1 Getting usability used
J. Nielsen 3
2 Communication patterns in teleworking
JW. Bakke 13
PART TWO Research and Theory 17
3 The economics of interface development
C. W. Johnson 19
4 Cinematography and interface design
J. May and P. Barnard 26
5 The interplay between cognitive and organizational factors in
software development
P.E. Waterson, C. W. Clegg and C.M. Axtell 32
6 Designing environmental sounds based on the results of interaction
between objects in the real world
A. Darvishi, E. Munteanu, V. Guggiana, H. Schauer, M. Motavalli
and M. Rauterberg 38
7 The sonic enhancement of graphical buttons
S.A. Brewster, P. C. Wright, A.J. Dix and A.D.N. Edwards 43
8 Earcons and icons: an experimental study
E. Leimann and H.-H. Schulze 49
9 Displays as data structures: entity-relationship models of information
artefacts
T.R. G. Green and D. Benyon 55
10 Perceptions of design rationale
A.H. l¢rgensen and A. Aboulafia 61
11 How many novices does it take to match three expert designers?
Lessons from an exercise in parallel design
S. Ovasaka and K. -1. Riiihii 67
vi Contents
12 Gedrics: the next generation of icons
J. GeijJler 73
13 Distributable interactive objects
K.J. Rodham and D.R. Olsen, Jr. 79
14 Constraint-based definition of application-specific graphics
M. Popping and G. Szwillus 85
15 Separating user and device descriptions for modelling interactive
problem solving
A.E. Blandford and R.M. Young 91
16 Task orientation in user interface design
M Gritzman, A. Kluge and H Lovett 97
17 "To say and to do." Virtual actions in the structure and recognition
of discourse plans with regard to practical plans
C. Castelfranchi and R. Falcone 103
18 Exploring user effort involved in using history tools through
MHP/GOMS: results and experiences
A. Lee 109
19 Four easy pieces for assessing the usability of multimodal interaction:
the care properties
J. Coutaz, L. Nigay, D. Salber, A. Blandford, J. May and R.M. Young 115
20 Whizz'Ed: a visual environment for building highly interactive
software
0. Esteban, S. Chatty and P. Palanque 121
21 Decision theory and safety-critical interfaces
C. W. Johnson 127
22 An empirical study of software reuse by experts in object-oriented
design
J.-M. Burkhardt and F. Detienne 133
23 Programming plans, imagery, and visual programming
T.R.G. Green and R. Navarro 139
24 Learning graphical programming: an evaluation of KidSim™
D.J. Gilmore, K. Pheasey, J. Underwood and G. Underwood 145
25 To repeat or not to repeat: Face-ing the facts
M. Burmester, W. Beck and P.H. Vossen 151
26 A multimodal user interface system with force feedback
and physical models
C. Ramstein 157
27 Multimodal user interface system for blind and "visually occupied"
users: ergonomic evaluation of the haptic and auditive dimensions
A. Dufresne, 0. Martial and C. Ramstein 163
Contents vii
28 The myth of seperable dialogue: software engineering vs. user models
H. Wegener 169
29 Interface design: have we got it wrong?
D.J. Gilmore 173
30 Prototyping considered dangerous
M.E. Atwood, B. Bums, A. Girgensohn, A. Lee, T. Turner and
B. Zimmermann 179
31 Solving arbitrary expressions of graphical constraints
G. Szwillus 185
32 Verification of an interactive software by analysis of its formal specification
Ph. Palanque and R. Bastide 191
33 A data centred framework for user-centred design
D. Benyon 197
34 Computational advice and explanations -behavioural and computational aspects
Y. Wreren, S. Hagglund, R. Ramberg, I. Rankin and J. Harrius 203
35 Designing query support for multiple databases
A. Sutcliffe, I. Bennett, A. Doubleday and M. Ryan 207
36 Documentation as part of design: exploratory field studies
J.-F. Rouet, C. Deleuze-Dordron and A. Bisseret 213
37 An empirical study in using linked documentation to assist
software maintenance
F. Hamilton and H. Johnson 219
38 An experimental study of a gestalt based database for mug shots
U. Astad, F. Safayeni and D. Raymond 225
39 Suspect identification: traditional mugshot album versus
computerized feature system
E. Lee, C. Bisesar, G. Reid and T. Whalen 231
40 An alternative interface for multimedia service stations
M. Silva Santos, F. da Fonseca de Souza and A. C. Salgado 237
41 Searching without a keyboard in a multimedia environment
L. Leventhal, B. Teasley, D. Stone and K. Instone 241
42 Ubiquitous mail: speech and graphical user interfaces to an
integrated voice/e-mail mailbox
C. G. Wolf, L. Koved and E. Kunzinger 247
43 Interactive net-services on the WWW
K.J. Rodham and D.R. Olsen, Jr. 253
44 Encouraging exploratory learning of a user interface
S. de Mul and H. von Oostendorp 259
45 VCR-as-paradigm: a study and taxonomy of errors in an interactive task
W.D. Gray 265
viii Contents
46 Satisfying user needs through a combination of interface
design techniques
M. Bladh and K. Hook 271
47 Understanding collaborative authority in shared workspaces
C. Chen and R. Rada 277
48 A requirements space for group-work systems
J. McCarthy, P. Wright and M. Harrison 283
49 Design and evaluation of MAJIC videoconferencing system
K. Okada, Y. Ichikawaa, G. Jeong, S. Tanaka and Y. Matsushita 289
PART THREE Symposium 1: Tools for Working with Guidelines 295
50 EXPOSE. HCI-counseling for user interface design
P. Gorny 297
51 IDA-a design environment for ergonomic user interfaces
H. Reiterer 305
52 Accessing guidelines information with Sierra
J. Vanderdonckt 311
PART FOUR
Symposium II: Computer-aided Building of Interactive Application 317
53 From OOA to GUis-the JANUS System
H. Balzert 319
54 Generation of user interfaces using formal specification
0. Lauridsen 325
55 Computer-aided window identification in Trident
F. Bodart, A.-M. Hennebert, J.-M. Leheureux, I. Provot and
J. Vanderdonckt 331
PART FIVE Case Studies: Application and Practice 337
56 Reflections on the design of interface metaphors
M. Smyth, B. Anderson, R. Knott and J.L. Alty 339
57 Evaluating a multimedia history system as support for collaborative
design
J. Karat, J.M. Carroll, S.R. Alpert and M.B. Rosson 346
58 An approach to hypertext-based requirements specification and its
application
H. Kaindl 354
59 Design of coordinated interfaces for real-time decision making
in hierarchical structures
S. Nishida and M Nakatani 358
60 Dynamic forms: an enhanced interaction abstraction based on forms
A. Girgensohn, B. Simmermann, A. Lee, B. Burns and M.E. Atwood 362
Contents ix
61 Cyberbase: the man machine computer
S. Pedersen 368
62 Organizing usability in the corporation
J. Scholtz 372
63 Evaluating design specifications using heuristic evaluation
W. 0. Lee, K. Dye and D. Airth 376
64 Human factors in software development - current practice relating
to user centred design in the UK
A. Smith and L. Dunckley 380
65 Delivering competitive edge
M. Atyeo and S. Robinson 384
66 DynaDesigner: a tool for rapid creation of device-independent
interactive services
L. Terveen and M. Toumenoksa 386
67 Audio annotation of electronic texts
J.D. Benest 390
68 An adaptable user interface to a multimedia telecommunications
conversation service for people with disabilities
N.A. Hine, D. Wilkinson, l.A.S. Gordon and J.L. Arnott 394
PART SIX HCI: Education and Training 399
69 Designing an interface in an educational context: first steps
to a principled approach
M. Linard and R. Zeiliger 401
70 The effect of a teacher-designed assessment tool on an instructor's
cognitive activity
A. Cohen, K. Candland and E. Lee 405
71 Educational applications of adaptive hypermedia
I Beaumont and P. Brusilovsky 410
72 Making claiJs about teaching systems
E.F. Churchill and S. Ainsworth 415
73 HCI curricula: what is being taught on computing courses in the UK
M. Kirby, A. Life, H. /stance, L. Hole and A. Crombie 419
74 Advanced interaction in university based education
T.T. Hewett and M. Tscheligi 423
75 The usefulness of an HCI syllabus
P.J.A. Scown 427
Index of contributors 431
Keyword index 433