Human Trafficking in Europe: Character, Causes and Consequences

241 Pages·2010·1.052 MB·English

by  Gillian Wylie, Penelope McRedmond (eds.)

Human Trafficking in Europe
AlsobyPenelopeMcRedmond
LAWANDTHEINTERNET
Human Trafficking in
Europe
Character, Causes and Consequences
Editedby
Gillian Wylie
and
Penelope McRedmond
palgrave
macmillan
Introduction,conclusion,selectionandeditorialmatter©GillianWylie
andPenelopeMcRedmond2010
Individualchapters©contributors2010
Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition2010 978-0-230-22909-9
Chapter11wasreprintedwithpermissionfromthePublisher,LisaDresdner
andLaurelPeterson(eds).(Re)Interpretations:TheshapesofJusticein
Women’sExperience(CambridgeScholarsPress,NewcastleonTyne,
pp279–297).
Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis
publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission.
Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted
savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence
permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,
SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS.
Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication
maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages.
Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentified
astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright,
DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Firstpublished2010by
PALGRAVEMACMILLAN
PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited,
registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke,
HampshireRG216XS.
PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC,
175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010.
PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies
andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld.
Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates,
theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries.
ISBN978-1-349-31045-6 ISBN978-0-230-28172-1(eBook)
DOI10.1057/9780230281721
Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully
managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing
processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe
countryoforigin.
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
HumantraffickinginEurope:character,causesandconsequences/
editedbyGillianWylie,PennyMcredmond.
p. cm.
1. Humantrafficking—Europe. 2. Humansmuggling—Europe.
3. Prostitution—Europe. 4. Humantrafficking—Europe—Prevention.
I. Wylie,Gillian,1969– II. McRedmond,Penny,1963–
HQ281.H8682010
364.15—dc22 2010012499
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
Contents
ListofTables vii
NotesonContributors viii
1 Introduction:HumanTraffickingandEurope 1
GillianWylieandPenelopeMcRedmond
2 Slavery:ExceptionorRule? 17
RonaldoMunck
3 TheoreticalPerspectivesonUnderstandingSlavery:
PastandPresentChallenges 30
LorenaArocha
4 ShirkingResponsibilities:ReceivingCountriesandthe
StructuralCausesofConflict-RelatedChildTrafficking 41
DariaDavitti
5 ThePhenomenonofTraffickinginHumanBeings:
TheCaseofPoland 60
MarcinWis´niewski
6 ABusinessofSupplyandDemand:TheTraffickingof
WomenandGirlsfromRussiaandUkraine 82
CaitlinDeighan
7 TraffickinginAlbania:ThePresentReality 97
ImeldaPoole
8 LapDancingClubsandRedLightMilieu:AContextfor
Sex-TraffickingofWomentoIreland? 108
EilísWardandGillianWylie
9 TraffickingforSexualExploitation:Researchingthe
DemandSide 123
MariaPapantoniou-FrangouliandTorstenMoritz
10 PreventingTraffickinginHumanBeings:TheCaseof
Moldova 142
CezaraNanu
v
vi Contents
11 AccessingHelpandServices:TraffickingSurvivors’
ExperiencesintheUnitedKingdom 164
AlisonJobe
12 DefiningOrganizedCrimeintheContextofHuman
Trafficking 181
PenelopeMcRedmond
13 Extra-TerritorialJurisdiction:AProsecutorialToolto
CombatChildTraffickingfromAlbania 198
InaFarka
14 Conclusion 216
PenelopeMcRedmondandGillianWylie
Index 224
List of Tables
5.1 AdultsvalidlyconvictedandsentencedunderArticle
204(4)ofthePolishPenalCode 64
5.2 Adultsvalidlyconvictedandsentencedunderthemain
offenceofArticle253(1)ofthePolishPenalCode 65
5.3 Outcomeofpreparatoryproceedingsincasesdealingwith
traffickinginhumanbeings,1995–2008 66
5.4 Traffickinginhumanbeings(qualificationaccordingto
theprovisionsofthePolishPenalCode) 66
5.5 NumberofvictimssupportedbytheLaStradaFoundation
(ReportbytheMinistryofInteriorandAdministration) 67
5.6 Numberofvictimsin1995–2008 68
5.7 Numberofcasesofforeigners’illegalworkinPolandin
2003–2006 70
5.8 Numberofaccusedforeigners(accordingtocitizenship) 72
vii
Notes on Contributors
LorenaArochaisaLecturerinSociologyatRegent’sAmericanCollege,
London. She received a Ph.D. in Social Sciences from the University of
Surrey, Roehampton, where she completed an analysis on contempo-
rary forms of slavery. She has worked on research projects looking at
pastandpresentformsofslaveryintheIndianOcean,humantraffick-
ing policy implementation in the UK and narratives of child soldiers.
Her research interests include slavery and practices similar to slavery,
especially in contemporary settings as they intersect with issues on
migration,identityformation,gender,childhood,raceandethnicity.
Daria Davitti is a doctoral candidate at the University of Nottingham
oninvestments,developmentandhumanrightsinconflictsettings.She
haspreviouslyworkedforvarioushumanitarianNGOs,focusingongen-
derandhumanrights.From2006to2008sheworkedasahumanrights
fieldofficerfortheUNAssistanceMissioninAfghanistan(UNAMA).She
holdsadegreefromtheUniversityofBologna(Italy),aDiplomainLaw
fromBPPLawSchoolinLondonandanLLMinHumanRightsLawfrom
theUniversityofNottingham.
CaitlinDeighanhasaBachelor’sDegreeinInternationalRelationsand
French Studies from Wheaton College in Norton, MA, and an M.Phil
in Peace Studies from Trinity College in Dublin. She has long been
interested in issues of migration and is currently interning at the US
CommitteeofRefugeesandImmigrants.
InaFarkagraduatedfromAmericanUniversity,WashingtonCollegeof
Law, in Washington DC, with a Doctorate in Juridical Science (SJD)
degree. She holds a Masters Degree in Public International Law from
theRaoulWallenbergInstituteofHumanRightsandHumanitarianLaw
in Lund, Sweden, and a Law Degree from the University of Tirana,
in Albania. She works for the US Department of Labor, International
Labor Affairs Bureau, Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human
Trafficking.
Alison Jobe has recently completed doctoral research entitled ‘Access-
ing Services: Trafficking Victims’/Survivors’ Experiences in the UK’ at
viii
NotesonContributors ix
NewcastleUniversity.Fortheresearchsheanalyzedtraffickedwomen’s
asylum applications, conducted interviews with trafficking survivors
and a range of relevant professionals. She has also conducted research
onhumantraffickingfortheInternationalOrganizationforMigration,
andcompletedresearchfortheNSPCCandfortheMedicalFoundation
for Care of Victims of Torture. She currently works for the NSPCC as a
researchofficer.
PenelopeMcRedmondisasolicitorandlegalresearchandtrainingcon-
sultant.ShehasmanyyearsexperienceinhumantraffickinginIreland,
as a researcher and in the development and delivery of training pro-
grams. She also sat on the steering committee of an anti-trafficking
organizationforseveralyears.
Torsten Moritz is executive secretary for EU policies and projects at
theChurches’CommissionforMigrantsinEurope(CCME)inBrussels.
He studied political science in Bonn and Berlin and holds a Ph.D. in
politicalsciencesfromtheFUBerlin(2000).Heiscurrentlyinvolvedin
CCME’sadvocacyworkwiththeEuropeanParliamentandtheEuropean
Commission and in the interregional global ecumenical network on
migrationoftheWorldCouncilofChurches.Hehascontributedtothe
publication of a variety of manuals, guides and studies on questions
related to migration and migration policies in Europe, in particular on
traffickinginhumanbeingsandrefugeeresettlement.
Ronaldo Munck is theme leader for internationalization and social
development at Dublin City University and visiting Professor of Soci-
ology at the University of Liverpool. He has written over 20 books
on development, globalization and labour issues. Professor Munck has
taught in a number of universities in Europe, the Americas and Sub
SaharanAfrica.
Cezara Nanu is currently researching measures to prevent trafficking
in human beings as part of her Ph.D. thesis at the University of the
West of England. Cezara holds an M.A. in Public Administration and
InternationalManagementfromtheMontereyInstituteofInternational
Studies in California, and a B.A. in Education from her home country,
Moldova.Hermainresearchinterestsareinthefieldsofhumanrights,
migration, contemporary forms of slavery, global ethics and global
justice.
Maria Papantoniou-Frangouli is a sociologist working in the Study
andResearchDepartmentoftheIntegrationCentreforMigrantWorkers