Human sexuality today

432 Pages·11.495 MB·English

by  King, Bruce M

Pearson New International Edition

Human Sexuality Today

Bruce M. King
Seventh Edition
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P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Glossary
Bruce M. King 1
1. Our Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy 
Bruce M. King 15
2. Hormones and Sexuality 
Bruce M. King 41
3. Similarities and Differences in Our Sexual Responses
Bruce M. King 63
4. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Related Diseases 
Bruce M. King 87
5. Birth Control
Bruce M. King 125
6. Pregnancy and Childbirth
Bruce M. King 159
7. Becoming a Woman/Becoming a Man: Gender Identity and Gender Roles
Bruce M. King 191
8. Sexual Orientation
Bruce M. King 217
9. Life-Span Sexual Development
Bruce M. King 237
10. Adult Sexual Behaviors and Attitudes
Bruce M. King 273
11. Love and Relationships
Bruce M. King 293
12. Sexual Problems and Therapy
Bruce M. King 321
I
334571555
13. Selling Sex: Social and Legal Issues
Bruce M. King 355
References
Bruce M. King 375
Index 415
II
GLOSSARY
A
Anaphrodisiacs(an(cid:2)af-ro-d˘ız(cid:3)e-aks) Substances that suppress
Abortion Termination of pregnancy. Depending on how far sexual functioning.
the pregnancy has advanced, this can be done by taking a pill Androgen insensitivity syndrome A condition in which the
(RU 486); scraping the uterine lining (dilation and curettage); testicles secrete normal amounts of testosterone during male
removing the uterine lining by suction (dilation and evacuation); embryonic development, but the tissues do not respond to it. As
or inducing labor (by injecting hypertonic saline or a result, a clitoris, labia, and a short vagina develop, but the
prostaglandins). internal female structures do not develop because the testicles
Accepting Letting your child know that all questions are okay still secrete Mullerian duct–inhibitory substances.
and will not be met with a negative attitude. Androgens(an(cid:3)dro-jens) Hormones that possess masculiniz-
Acquaintance rape A rape committed by someone who is ing properties.
known by the victim. Androgyny(an-droj(cid:3)˘ı-ne) The ability of an individual to dis-
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) An often fatal play a variety of personality characteristics, both masculine and
infection caused by a virus (HIV) that destroys the immune feminine, depending on whether a trait or behavior is appropri-
system. It is spread by intimate sexual activity (the exchange ate in a given situation. It is often viewed as a positive character-
of bodily fluids) or contaminated blood. istic that gives an individual greater adaptability.
Adolescence (ad(cid:2)’l es(cid:3)’ns) The time of life between puberty Anger rapists Rapists who commit their attacks out of hostility
and adulthood. or anger directed at their victims or at women in general.
Adrenal(ad- re(cid:3)nal) glands Endocrine glands located near the Anxious-ambivalent A style of attachment in which individu-
kidneys that secrete steroid hormones and small amounts of als have negative attitudes about themselves and are therefore
gonadal hormones. insecure in their relationships.
Adrenarche (ad(cid:2)ren-ar(cid:3)ke) The maturation of the adrenal Aphrodisiacs(af(cid:2)ro-d˘ız(cid:3)e-aks) Substances that enhance
glands, usually between the ages of 6 and 8. sexual desire or performance.
Adrenogenital(ah-dre(cid:2)no-jen(cid:3)y-tal) syndrome (AGS) A con- Areola(ah-re(cid:3)o-lah) The darkened ring surrounding the
dition in girls in which the adrenal glands excrete too much nipple of a breast.
testosterone during fetal development, causing masculinization. Artificial insemination A method of treating infertility caused
This includes enlargement of the clitoris and labia, so that at by a low sperm count in men. Sperm are collected during sev-
birth the genitals are sometimes mistaken for those of a boy. eral ejaculations and then inserted into the partner’s vagina at
Also called congenital adrenal hyperplasia. the time of ovulation.
Adultery Sexual intercourse with someone other than one’s Ascetic(ah set(cid:3)ik) philosophy A philosophy that originated
husband or wife. among the ancient Greeks. It emphasizes that virtue comes
from wisdom and that these qualities can be achieved only by
Afterbirth The expulsion of the placenta from the uterus after
avoiding strong passions.
a baby is born.
Agape (ah(cid:3)gah pa–(cid:2)) A type of romantic love that puts the Askable Being perceived as receptive, a good listener, and
accepting.
interest of the loved person ahead of one’s own, even if it
means great sacrifice. Asymptomatic Showing no symptoms.
Aggressive pedophile A pedophile who is sexually aroused by Asymptomatic HIV infection A stage of HIV infection in
inflicting physical injury on victims. which infected individuals show no visible symptoms.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening A test conducted between Attachment Two meanings: (a) a drab, mundane form of
the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy to detect abnormalities in companionship where one’s partner gives few positive rewards,
neural development, including spina bifida. other than predictability, for remaining in the relationship;
Amebiasis(am(cid:2)e-bi(cid:3)ah-sis) Dysentery caused by infestation (b)the emotional tie between a parent and child, or between
two adults.
of amoebae, one-celled organisms.
Amenorrhea(ah-men(cid:2)o-re(cid:3)ah) The absence of menstruation Attachment theory of love The theory that the quality of the
attachment between parents and child greatly affects the child’s
for 6 months or longer.
ability to form romantic relations as an adult.
Amniocentesis(am(cid:2)ne-o-sen-te(cid:3)sis) A technique for detecting
Autoerotic asphyxiation Seehypoxyphilia.
fetal problems, involving collection of amniotic fluid between
the 14th and 18th weeks of pregnancy. Autoinoculation The act of infecting oneself.
Amnion(am(cid:3)ne-on) A thick-skinned sac filled with water Avoidant A style of attachment in which individuals have neg-
that surrounds the fetus. ative attitudes about others and have difficulty with feelings of
intimacy and letting another person get close to them.
Anabolic(an(cid:2)ah-bol(cid:3)ik) steroids Synthetic steroid hormones
B
that combine the growth (anabolic) effects of adrenal steroids
with the masculinizing effects of androgenic steroids.
Bacteria Small, single-celled organisms that lack a nuclear
Anal intercourse Insertion of the penis into the anus and membrane, but have all the genetic material (RNA and DNA)
rectum of a sexual partner. to reproduce themselves.
From Glossary of Human Sexuality Today, Seventh Edition. Bruce M. King. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson
Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
1
Glossary
Bacterial vaginosis(vaj(cid:2)˘ı-no(cid:3)sis) A type of vaginitis caused Candidiasis(kan(cid:2)d˘ı-di(cid:3)ah-sis) See moniliasis.
by the interaction of several vaginal bacteria (particularly Capacitation A process that sperm undergo while traveling
Gardnerella vaginalis). through the woman’s reproductive tract in which their
Barrier (blockade) method General term for contraceptive membranes become thin enough so that an enzyme necessary
methods that block the passage of sperm. for softening the ovum’s membrane can be released.
Bartholin’s (bar(cid:3)to-linz) glands Glands located at the base of Carnal knowledge of a juvenile See statutory rape.
the labia minora in women that contribute a small amount of an Case study An in-depth study of an individual.
alkaline fluid to their inner surfaces during sexual arousal.
Cephalalgia See benign coital cephalalgia.
Basal body temperature The temperature of the body while
Cervical cap A contraceptive device that fits over the cervix by
resting. It rises slightly after ovulation.
suction, thus blocking the passage of sperm into the uterus.
Benign coital cephalalgia(sef(cid:3)ah-lal(cid:3)je-ah) Severe headaches
Cervical mucus The slimy secretion of mucous membranes
that start during or slightly after orgasm, usually in men.
located inside the cervix.
Berdache(bar dash(cid:3)) See two-spirit.
Cervicitis(ser(cid:2)v˘ı-si(cid:3)tis) Inflammation of the cervix.
Bestiality(bes-te-al(cid:3)˘ı-te) The act of having sexual contact
Cervix(ser(cid:3)viks) The narrow lower end of the uterus that
with an animal.
projects into the vagina.
B-girls Prostitutes who work in bars and hotels, generally
with the approval of the ownership. Cesarean(se-sa(cid:3)re-an) section (C-section) The surgical
removal of a fetus through the mother’s abdomen.
Billings method A fertility awareness method of birth control
in which changes in the consistency and quantity of cervical Chancre(shang(cid:3)ker) The painless sore that is the main
mucus are used to tell when ovulation has occurred. symptom of the primary stage of syphilis.
Biological determinism The belief that biological influences Chancroid(shang(cid:3)kroid) A sexually transmitted infection
establish predetermined limits to the effects of cultural caused by the Haemophilus ducreyibacterium, which is
influences. characterized by small, painful bumps.
Bisexual An individual with a sexual orientation toward both Child molestation Sexual contact between an adult and a
men and women. child.
Blastocyst(blas(cid:3)to-sist) The fluid-filled sphere that reaches Chlamydia(klah-mid(cid:3)e-ah) A sexually transmitted infection
the uterus after fertilization and which was created by the caused by the Chlamydia trachomatisbacterium, which lives
transformation of the morula through continued, rapid cell on mucous membranes.
division. Chorion(ko(cid:3)re-on) The fourth membrane of the trophoblast;
Blockade method See barrier (blockade) method. it develops into the lining of the placenta.
Bradley method A method of prepared childbirth that empha- Chorionic villus sampling A technique used for detecting
sizes childbirth without medication; named after its founder, problems in a fetus during the 10th to 12th weeks of pregnancy.
Robert Bradley. Hairlike projections (villi) of the chorion are collected and
examined.
Braxton-Hicks contractions Uterine contractions experienced
during the last trimester of pregnancy that are often incor- Chromosomes(kro(cid:3)mo-somz) Rod-shaped structures contain-
rectly interpreted as the beginning of labor; also called false ing the genetic material that determines a person’s inherited char-
labor. acteristics.
Breast-feeding In reference to contraception, see lactational Circumcision(ser(cid:2)kum-sizh(cid:3)un) In men, the removal of all or
amenorrhea method. part of the foreskin of the penis. In women, the removal of the
clitoral hood.
Breasts In women, glands that provide milk for infants;
located at the front of the chest. Climacteric(kli-ma˘k(cid:3)ter-ik) The changes that occur in
women in the few years that precede and the first year that
Breech birth A birth in which the baby is born feet or
follows menopause.
buttocks first.
Clitoral hood The part of the labia minora that covers the
Brothel prostitutes Prostitutes who work in houses of
clitoris in women.
prostitution.
Clitoridectomy(kl˘ı(cid:2)to-r˘ı-dek(cid:3)to-me) Removal of the clitoris,
Bulb (of penis) The expanded inner end of the spongy body
often accompanied by removal of the labia minora. In an extreme
of the penis.
form, called infibulation,the labia majora are also removed, and
Bulbocavernosus (bul(cid:2)bo-kav(cid:3)er-no(cid:3)sus) muscleA ring of the sides of the vulva are then sewn together.
sphincter muscles that surrounds the vaginal opening in
Clitoris(kl˘ı(cid:3)to-ris) A small, elongated erectile structure in
women or the root of the penis in men.
women that develops from the same embryonic tissue as the
Bulbourethral(bul(cid:2)bo-u-re(cid:3)thral) glands See Cowper’s glands. penis. It has no known function other than to focus sexual
sensations.
C
Coach In the Lamaze birthing technique, an individual (usu-
Calendar method A fertility awareness method of birth con- ally the woman’s partner) who works with the expectant
trol that attempts to determine a woman’s fertile period by use mother during labor to help her use her training and provide
of a mathematical formula. support and encouragement.
Call girls The highest-status prostitutes, who generally work Cognitive-behavioral therapy Therapy that views problems
out of their own apartments by appointment only. as resulting from faulty learning and that focuses on specific
2
Glossary
sexual behaviors and how we feel about them. It does not focus Courtly love In medieval times, when courtiers expressed their
on past events. undying love for a woman who they worshipped from afar as
Cohabitation Living together in an unmarried relationship. the epitome of virtue.
Coitus(ko(cid:3)˘ı-tus) Sexual intercourse. Courtship disorders A group of paraphilias (voyeurism, exhi-
bitionism, frotteurism, and telephone scatophilia) often seen
Coitus interruptus See withdrawal.
together.
Colostrum(ko-los(cid:3)trum) A thick, sticky liquid produced by a Couvade(koo-vahd(cid:3)) syndrome The experiencing of preg-
mother’s breasts before milk starts to flow.
nancy symptoms by male partners; sometimes called “sympathy
Combination pill An oral contraceptive that contains both pains.”
synthetic estrogen and synthetic progesterone. Cowper’s(kow(cid:3)perz) glands Two pea-shaped structures
Coming out Disclosing to others one’s homosexual orientation, located beneath the prostate gland in men that secrete a few
from the expression “coming out of the closet.” drops of an alkaline fluid prior to orgasm.
Communication The exchange of information, thoughts, Critical period In relation to teratogens, the time during
ideas, or feelings. embryonic or fetal development during which a particular part
Companionate love Love based on togetherness, trust, shar- of the body is most susceptible to damage.
ing, and affection rather than passion. Crowning The appearance of the fetus’ head at the vaginal
opening during childbirth.
Compliance Agreeing to sexual intercourse when you do not
really want to engage in it. Crura(kroo(cid:3)rah) The leglike ends of the cavernous
bodies
Comstock law A law passed in 1873 that made it a felony to
of the clitoris or penis that attach to the pubic bone.
mail any material regarded as obscene or lewd.
Cryptorchidism(krip-tor(cid:3)k˘ı-dizm) A defect in which the
Conception The union of an egg and a sperm.
testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.
Conditional love Feelings of love that depend on the loved
Cunnilingus(kun(cid:2)˘ı-ling(cid:3)gus) Oral stimulation of a woman’s
one satisfying needs and fulfilling desires.
genitals.
Condom For men,a thin sheath made of latex rubber, lamb
Cystitis(sis-ti(cid:3)tis) A bacterial infection of the bladder (often
intestine, or polyurethane that fits over the penis. For women,
caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli).
a polyurethane intravaginal pouch held in place by two flexible
rings. Condoms are effective as contraception and for preven-
tion of sexually transmitted infections. D
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia See adrenogenital syndrome.
Date rape A type of acquaintance rape, committed during a
Consummate love According to Sternberg, the complete love social encounter agreed to by the victim.
found in relationships that include passion, intimacy, and
Decision/commitment One of the three basic components in
commitment.
Sternberg’s theory of love; the decision that one loves another per-
Contraception The prevention of conception. son and the commitment to maintain the relationship.
Contraceptive sponge A contraceptive device made of Degrading sexually explicit material Nonviolent sexually
polyurethane sponge that contains enough spermicide to explicit material that shows women as sex objects and where
be effective for 24 hours after being inserted into the there is a clear unequal balance of power.
vagina.
Delayed puberty A condition in which the appearance
Coprophilia(kop(cid:2)ro-f˘ıl(cid:3)e-ah) Sexual arousal caused by feces of secondary sex characteristics and physical growth do not be-
or the act of defecation. gin until well after they have begun in most children.
Copulation(kop(cid:2)u-la(cid:3)shun) Sexual intercourse. Demand/withdraw A dysfunctional communication pattern
Corona(ko-ro(cid:3)nah) The rounded border of the glans of the often displayed during conflict, where one partner makes de-
penis. mands (criticizes or nags) and the other avoids.
Corpora cavernosa(kor(cid:3)po-rah kav(cid:2)er-no’ sah) The two cav- Depo-Provera Market name for medroxyprogesterone acetate,
ernous bodies of the penis or clitoris that fill with blood during a chemical that when injected suppresses ovulation for 3
sexual arousal. months.
Corpus luteum(kor(cid:3)pus lew(cid:3)te-um) The follicular cells that Desensitization See systematic desensitization.
remain in the ovary after the follicle expels the ovum during Desire A state that “is experienced as specific sensations
ovulation. They begin to secrete progesterone in large quanti- which move the individual to seek out, or become receptive to,
ties in the postovulatory stage. sexual experiences” (Kaplan, 1979).
Corpus spongiosum(kor(cid:3)pus spun(cid:2)je-o(cid:3)sum) The spongy Desire (women) For many women, sexual desire is motivated
body of the penis that fills with blood during sexual arousal; less by biological urges than it is by relationship and intimacy
the urethra passes through it. needs.
Correlation A mathematical measure of the degree of relation- Detumescence (de(cid:2)tu-mes(cid:3)ens) Loss of erection.
ship between two variables.
DHT deficiency syndrome A type of androgen insensitivity
Couples therapy Therapy that focuses on the overall syndrome in which, because testosterone is not converted into
relationship and communication skills between two dihydrotestosterone, boys’ external genitals do not develop
people. properly. Development occurs at puberty with the rise in testos-
terone.
3
Glossary
Diaphragm A dome-shaped rubber cup with a flexible rim that Endocrine system A network of ductless glands that secrete
fits over the cervix and thus acts as a contraceptive device by serv- their chemical substances, called hormones,directly into the
ing as a barrier to the passage of sperm into the uterus. bloodstream, where they are carried to other parts of the body
Dilation Becoming wider or larger. to exert their effects.
Dilation and curettage (D & C) An abortion technique in Endoderm The layer of the embryo that forms the internal
which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium is removed by organs of the fetus.
scraping it with an instrument called a curette. Endometriosis(en(cid:2)do-me(cid:3)tre-o(cid:3)sis) The growth of endome-
Dilation and evacuation (D & E) An abortion technique in trial tissue outside of the uterus.
which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium is removed by Endometrium(en(cid:2)do-me(cid:3)tre-um) The inner mucous mem-
suction. brane of the uterus where a fertilized egg implants. Its thickness
Dilation and extraction (D & X) See intact dilation and varies with the phase of the menstrual cycle.
evacuation. Epididymis(ep(cid:2)˘ı-did(cid:3)˘ı-mis) The elongated cordlike structure
Direct observation Observing and recording the activity of on the back of a testicle. It is the first part of the duct system
subjects as they conduct their activities. that transports sperm out of a man’s body.
Domination Ruling over and controlling another individual. Episiotomy(e-piz(cid:2)e-ot(cid:3)o-me) A surgical procedure per-
In sexual relations, it generally involves humiliation of the formed on women just before giving birth to reduce the risk of
partner as well. tearing the perineum.
Douching(doosh-ing) A feminine hygiene practice of rinsing out Erectile disorder A sexual problem in which a man has
the vagina, usually with specifically prepared solutions. persistent or recurrent difficulty getting and maintaining an
Dualism The belief that body and soul are separate and an- erection.
tagonistic. Erection (of penis) The state of the penis during sexual
Dyke A slang term for a masculine lesbian. This is a stereo- arousal (i.e., hard and elongated) due to vasocongestion of
type that generally does not reflect how most lesbians look or tissues.
behave. Eros A highly idealized type of romantic love that is based
Dysmenorrhea(d˘ıs(cid:2)men-o-re(cid:3)ah) Painful menstruation. mainly on physical beauty. Erotic lovers look for physical
Dyspareunia(d˘ıs(cid:2)pah-roo(cid:3)ne-ah) Recurrent or persistent perfection.
genital pain during intercourse, usually resulting from organic Erotica Any literature or art that has a sexual theme. This is
factors (e.g., vaginal, prostate, or bladder infections). a morally neutral term.
E Essure A nonsurgical (transcervical) female sterilization
technique in which the Fallopian tubes are blocked by micro-
Eclampsia(e-klamp(cid:3)se-ah) An advanced case of toxemia of inserts.
pregnancy, characterized by convulsions and coma. Estrogen(es(cid:3)tro-jen) A hormone that is produced by the
Ectopic(ek-top(cid:3)ik)pregnancy The implantation of a fertil- ovaries (and in very small amounts by the testicles and adrenal
ized egg outside of the endometrium of the uterus. glands).
Effacement The thinning of the cervix during labor. Estrous cycle The cycle of hormonal events that occurs in
Effleurage(ef-loo-rahzh(cid:3)) In the Lamaze birthing technique, a most nonhuman mammals. The females are sexually receptive
light self-massage of the abdomen that is used to counter the (“in heat,” or in estrus) to males only during ovulation.
discomfort of labor contractions. Ethnocentric The attitude that the behaviors and customs of
Ejaculation The expulsion of semen from the body. one’s own ethnic group or culture are superior to others.
Ejaculatory ducts One-inch-long paired tubes that pass Evolutionary (sociobiological) theory In reference to sex
through the prostate gland. The third part of the duct system differences in human behavior, states that the behavioral
that transports sperm out of a man’s body. differences are due to the different reproductive pressures men
Ejaculatory incompetence A condition in which a man is and women faced over thousands of generations.
totally unable to ejaculate in a woman’s vagina during sexual Excitement phase (men) The first phase of the sexual response
intercourse. cycle as proposed by Masters and Johnson. The first sign is
Embryo(em(cid:3)bre-o) The term given to the blastocyst after it vasocongestion of the penis, leading to erection.
has implanted. Excitement (arousal) phase (women) The first phase of the
Emergency contraception Methods that prevent contraception sexual response cycle as proposed by Masters and Johnson.
when used in the first few days aftersexual intercourse. Arousability has been defined as “the capacity to become sexu-
Emerging adulthood A developmental stage of life; an ally aroused in response to situational cues” (Peplau, 2003). For
extended period of being a single adult that occurs between many women, relationship and intimacy needs provide the situ-
adolescence and young adulthood. ational cues.
Emission The first stage of an orgasm in men. Rhythmic Exhibitionism Exposing one’s genitals compulsively in
muscular contractions in the vas deferens, prostate gland, and inappropriate settings in order to obtain sexual gratification.
seminal vesicles force the sperm and prostate and seminal fluids Experiment A study in which an investigator attempts to
into the ejaculatory ducts, thus forming semen. establish a cause-and-effect relationship by manipulating a
Empty love According to Sternberg, the emotion felt when variable of interest (the independent variable) while keeping
there is decision and commitment to love another person, but all other factors the same.
no intimacy or passion.
4
Glossary
Expressive A personality characteristic; a cognitive focus on Fetus The term given to the embryo after the 8th week of
“an affective concern for the welfare of others.” pregnancy.
Expulsion The second stage of an orgasm in men. Fibrocystic(fi(cid:2)bro-sis(cid:3)tik)disease A benign overgrowth of
Contractions in the urethra and muscles at the base fibrous tissue in the breast.
of the penis force the semen from the penis (ejaculation). Fimbria(fim(cid:3)bre-ah) The fingerlike processes at the ovarian
end of the Fallopian tubes.
F Follicle(fol(cid:3)l˘ı-k’l) A sac in the ovary containing an ovum and
surrounding follicular cells.
Fallopian(fal-lo(cid:3)pe-an) tubes The passageways that eggs Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) A gonadotropin hormone
follow on their way to the uterus.
released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the development
False labor A set of temporary contractions of the uterus that of a follicle in a woman’s ovary and the production of sperm in
resemble the start of labor. a man’s testicles.
False memory syndrome False memories of childhood sexual Follicular (proliferative) phase The preovulatory phase of the
abuse, often inadvertently planted by therapists. menstrual cycle, lasting from about day 5 to day 13 in a 28-day
Fatuous love According to Sternberg, the emotion felt when cycle.
a commitment is made on the basis of passion without the Foreskin The loose skin of the penis that folds over the glans
experience of intimacy. and that is sometimes cut away in a procedure known as cir-
Fear–tension–pain cycle According to prepared childbirth cumcision.
advocates, the cycle of events that women experience during Friendship A relationship that includes (a) enjoyment of each
labor when they are not properly educated about labor and other’s company, (b) acceptance of one another, (c) mutual
childbirth. trust, (d) respect for one another, (e) mutual assistance when
Fecundity(fe kun(cid:3)deh te) The ability of a couple to conceive needed, (f) confiding in one another, (g) understanding, and
within a certain period of time. (h) spontaneity.
Fellatio(fe-la(cid:3)she-o) Oral stimulation of a man’s genitals. Frotteurism(fro-tur(cid:3)izm) A condition in which sexual
arousal is achieved repeatedly by rubbing one’s genitals against
Female condom See condom.
others in public places.
Female hypoactive sexual desire “The persistent or recurrent Fundus(fun(cid:3)dus) The broad end of the uterus.
deficiency (or absence) of sexual fantasies/thoughts, and/or
desire for or receptivity to sexual activity, which causes
G
personal distress” (Basson et al., 2000).
Female orgasmic disorder A persistent or recurrent delay in, Galactorrhea(gah-lak(cid:2)to-re(cid:3)ah) The spontaneous flow of
or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement milk.
phase and which causes personal distress. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) A procedure for treat-
Female sexual arousal disorder “The persistent or recurrent ing female infertility in which sperm and eggs are gathered and
inability to attain or maintain sufficient sexual excitement, placed directly into a Fallopian tube.
causing personal distress, which may be expressed as lack of Gang rape Rape in which a victim is assaulted by more than
subjective excitement, or genital (lubrication/swelling) or other one attacker.
somatic responses” (Basson et al., 2000).
Gay A term generally used to refer to male homosexuals,
FemCap A barrier contraceptive that fits over the cervix and although in some places it is used to refer to homosexuals of
prevents the passage of sperm into the uterus. either sex.
Fertility awareness methods Methods of birth control Gender The social construction of femininity and masculinity.
that a ttempt to prevent conception by having a couple
Gender constancy The knowledge that one’s sex is constant
abstain from sexual intercourse during the woman’s
and will not change. This knowledge is usually acquired by
ovulation.
age 6 or 7.
Fertility drugs Drugs that improve the chance of conception Gender dysphoria(dis-fo(cid:3)re-ah) The feeling of being trapped
in women who are infertile owing to hormone deficiencies. The
in a body of the opposite sex.
drugs either stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete FSH and
LH or stimulate the ovaries directly. Gender identity One’s subjective sense of being a man (or
boy) or a woman (or girl). This sense is usually acquired by the
Fertilization Impregnation; the fusion of a sperm with an
age of 3.
ovum.
Gender identity disorder (GID) A disorder with the criteria:
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) A condition common to infants
(a) behaviors that indicate identification with the opposite gen-
born to alcoholic mothers, involving physical and nervous
der, and (b) behaviors that indicate discomfort with one’s own
system abnormalities.
anatomy and gender roles.
Fetal surgery A surgical operation on the fetus while it is still
Gender role A set of culturally specific norms concerning
in the uterus.
the expected behaviors and attitudes of men and women.
Fetishism(fet(cid:3)ish-˘ı-zum) A condition in which sexual arousal
Gender schemas A set of ideas about gender roles that children
occurs repeatedly when using or fantasizing about an inanimate
create from their interactions with their environment.
object.
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