Human Rights Protection in Global Politics: Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors PDF
Preview Human Rights Protection in Global Politics: Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors
GlobalIssuesSeries GeneralEditor:JimWhitman Thisexcitingnewseriesencompassesthreeprincipalthemes:theinteractionofhumanand naturalsystems;cooperationandconflict;andtheenactmentofvalues.Theseriesasawhole placesanemphasisontheexaminationofcomplexsystemsandcausalrelationsinpolitical decision-making;problemsofknowledge;authority,controlandaccountabilityinissuesof scale;andthereconciliationofconflictingvaluesandcompetingclaims.Throughoutthe seriestheconcentrationisonanintegrationofexistingdisciplinestowardtheclarification ofpoliticalpossibilityaswellasimpendingcrises. Titlesinclude: BerhanykunAndemicaelandJohnMathiason ELIMINATINGWEAPONSOFMASSDESTRUCTION ProspectsforEffectiveInternationalVerification RobertBoardman GOVERNANCEOFEARTHSYSTEMS ScienceandItsUses MikeBourne ARMINGCONFLICT TheProliferationofSmallArms JohnN.ClarkeandGeoffreyR.Edwards(editors) GLOBALGOVERNANCEINTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY NeilDavison “NON-LETHAL”WEAPONS NicoleDeitelhoffandKlausDieterWolf(editors) CORPORATESECURITYRESPONSIBILITY? CorporateGovernanceContributionstoPeaceandSecurityinZonesofConflict ToniErskine(editors) CANINSTITUTIONSHAVERESPONSIBILITIES? CollectiveMoralAgencyandInternationalRelations MoiraFeil GLOBALGOVERNANCEANDCORPORATERESPONSIBILITYINCONFLICT ZONES AnnegretFlohr,LotharRieth,SandraSchwindenhammerandKlausDieterWolf THEROLEOFBUSINESSINGLOBALGOVERNANCE CorporationsasNorm-Entrepreneurs AnnegretFlohr SELF-REGULATIONANDLEGALIZATION MakingGlobalRulesforBanksandCorporations BethK.Greener THENEWINTERNATIONALPOLICING AlexanderKelle,KathrynNixdorffandMalcolmDando CONTROLLINGBIOCHEMICALWEAPONS AdaptingMultilateralArmsControlforthe21stCentury KelleyLee HEALTHIMPACTSOFGLOBALIZATION(editor) TowardsGlobalGovernance KelleyLee GLOBALIZATIONANDHEALTH AnIntroduction CatherineLu JUSTANDUNJUSTINTERVENTIONSINWORLDPOLITICS PublicandPrivate KurtMillsandDavidJasonKarp(editors) HUMANRIGHTSPROTECTIONINGLOBALPOLITICS ResponsibilitiesofStatesandNon-StateActors RobertL.OstergardJr.(editor) HIV,AIDSANDTHETHREATTONATIONALANDINTERNATIONALSECURITY GrahamS.Pearson THEUNSCOMSAGA ChemicalandBiologicalWeaponsNon-Proliferation GrahamS.Pearson THESEARCHFORIRAQ’SWEAPONSOFMASSDESTRUCTION Inspection,VerificationandNon-Proliferation NickRitchie ANUCLEARWEAPONS-FREEWORLD? Britain,TridentandtheChallengesAhead JulianSchofield STRATEGICNUCLEARSHARING DavidScott ‘THECHINESECENTURY’? TheChallengetoGlobalOrder AndrewTaylor STATEFAILURE MarcoVerweijandMichaelThompson(editors) CLUMSYSOLUTIONSFORACOMPLEXWORLD Governance,PoliticsandPluralPerceptions MarcoVerweij CLUMSYSOLUTIONSFORAWICKEDWORLD HowtoImproveGlobalGovernance GlobalIssuesSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–79483–8 (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder. Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwith yournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Human Rights Protection in Global Politics Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors Editedby Kurt Mills SeniorLecturerinInternationalHumanRights,UniversityofGlasgow,UK David Jason Karp LecturerinInternationalRelations,UniversityofSussex,UK Selectionandeditorialmatter©KurtMillsandDavidJasonKarp2015 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015 Foreword©EdwardC.Luck2015 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–1–137–46316–6 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. Contents ListofTables vii Foreword viii Preface xiv NotesonContributors xv Part I ResponsibilityandHumanRights 1 Introduction:HumanRightsResponsibilitiesofStatesand Non-StateActors 3 DavidJasonKarpandKurtMills 2 HumanitarianismandResponsibilityinDiscourse andPractice 23 GlennMitomaandKerryBystrom Part II States’Responsibilities:Beyond‘Violations’ ofHumanRights 3 DoctrinalInnovationandStateObligations:ThePatterns ofDoctrinalDevelopmentintheJurisprudenceoftheUN CommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights 49 MátyásBódig 4 IndivisibleHumanRightsandtheEnd(s)oftheState 69 DanielJ.Whelan 5 BeyondIndividualAccountability:TheMeaningofState Responsibility 90 MarkGibney Part III ResponsibilitiesofNon-StateActors 6 PuttingtheBlameonGovernments:WhyFirmsand GovernmentsHaveFailedtoAdvancetheGuiding PrinciplesonBusinessandHumanRights 113 SusanArielAaronsonandIanHigham v vi Contents 7 TheConceptofHumanRightsProtectionandtheUN GuidingPrinciplesonBusinessandHumanRights 137 DavidJasonKarp 8 HumanRightsLtd.:AnAlternativeApproachtoAssessing theImpactofTransnationalCorporationsonHuman Rights 159 FlorGonzálezCorrea 9 LivingUptoHumanRightsResponsibilities:Lawyersand LawFirmsintheChineseAuthoritarianContext 180 NicolaMacbeanandElisaNesossi 10 FulfillingtheRighttoEducation?ResponsibilitiesofState andNon-StateActorsinMyanmar’sEducationSystem 201 MaaikeMatelski Part IV TheResponsibilitytoProtect 11 WhatResponsibilitiesDoestheInternationalCommunity HaveinComplexHumanitarianCrisesandMassAtrocity Situations? 223 KurtMills 12 GrapplingwithDoubleManifestFailure:R2Pandthe CivilianProtectionConundrum 245 MelissaT.Labonte 13 PreventionCascade:TheUnitedStatesandtheDiffusion ofR2P 268 MichaelGalchinsky 14 ArgumentationandtheResponsibilitytoProtect:The CaseofLibya 288 TimDunneandKatharineGelber Index 309 Tables 11.1 Responsibilityconundrums 237 12.1 SecurityCouncilapproachestogaugingmanifestfailure 253 vii Foreword This is a valuable collection both because of the freshness of the topic andbecauseofthebroadinterdisciplinaryapproachadoptedbytheedi- torsandauthors.Theircontributionsrangefromtheconceptualtothe practical,frominsightsaboutthenatureofresponsibilityandofrights themselves to the relative merits of various policy alternatives for ful- filling and advancing them. Both my academic and practitioner sides benefittedfromthistimelyandusefulvolume. In policycircles, it hasbecome commonplace toattest tothecritical role played by non-state actors and, particularly, civil society both in developing and in implementing international norms. Representatives of governments and international institutions alike feel compelled to praisethecontributionsoftheircivilsocietypartnersandtounderscore howmuchtimeandattentiontheydevotetobuildingthosecollabora- tions.Politicalmotivationsaside,thoseattestationsreflectthedegreeto whichvariouskindsofpublic–privatepartnershipshavebecomeintegral to the ways in which public policy is formed and delivered, as well as monitored and assessed. Yet, despite the widespread acknowledgment of the place of non-state actors in international and domestic affairs, whether as spoilers, advocates, healers or service providers, the serious studyofthedynamicsandimplicationsofthesecomplexandchanging relationshipslagsfarbehindtherhetoric. This is true even in the study of human rights and of the responsi- bility to protect (R2P), areas in which both the creation of the norms andthepursuitofthemaspublicpolicyprioritiesflowlargelyfromthe impetusoftransnationalcivilsociety.Acorequeryinthisvolume–who isresponsiblefortheimplementationofhumanrightsandR2Pprinci- ples? – is one that haunted my five-year tenure as the United Nations’ Special Adviser for the Responsibility to Protect (2008–2012). In every situation that we addressed, the role of non-state actors – for good or ill – was prominent, sometimes even decisive. We depended on our NGO partners for helping to build and sustain political support with theMemberStates,aswellastohelptoexplaintheSecretary-General’s implementation strategy to the media, the academic and think tank communities,andtopublicstakeholdersaroundtheworld.Insocieties atriskofmassatrocitycrimes,rallyingandworkingwithlocalcivilsoci- etywasoftenessentialtosuccessfulpreventionofsuchcrimesoroftheir viii Foreword ix incitement.Ontheotherhand,inplaceswherecivilsocietywasunder- developed or suppressed, the chances of heading off such crimes or of preventingtheirreoccurrencewerefarlesspromising.Inmyexperience, thiswasthemostcriticaloroneofthemostcriticalfactorsindetermin- ingtherecordofsuccessandfailureinimplementingR2Pprinciplesin specificsituations. Itisperhapsironic,therefore,thatthethreeparagraphs(138–140)of theOutcomeDocumentofthe2005WorldSummitcontainingthehis- toric international commitment to the responsibility to protect make nomentionofnon-stateactorsorcivilsociety.1 Giventhatthiswasthe consensusdeclarationofoneofthelargestgatheringsofheadsofstate and government, however, makes this statist oversight less surprising. Tomyreading,thereferencestothe‘internationalcommunity’inpara- graphs 138 and 139 were intended to encompass civil society as well as governments and international institutions. All of the reports and statements that I crafted for the Secretary-General made this assump- tionandtheMemberStatesneverobjected.Somedelegations,however, didraisequestionsabouttheappropriateplaceofcivilsocietygroupsin assessingwhethersuchcrimeshadbeencommittedandindecidinghow governmentsandintergovernmentalorganizationsoughttorespond. Imadeabiggerleapoffaith,however,inproposingtotheSecretary- Generalthatheassertthatnon-statearmedgroupsthatcontrolterritory, aswellasnationalauthorities,havetheresponsibilitytoprotectpopu- lations by preventing the four specified crimes and their incitement.2 It seemed to me evident that some of the worst atrocities had been and were being committed by armed groups, whether in Sierra Leone, Kenya,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(DRC),orSomalia,among others. Yet the initial R2P paradigm, as laid out brilliantly in the 2001 report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), focused solely on the scenario of repressive gov- ernments committing atrocities against innocent civilians.3 The 2005 Outcome Document followed that path, saying nothing about cases in which governments did not control all of their territory and armed groupswerecommittinghorrendousatrocitycrimes,suchasmassrapes andgender-basedviolence.Nothingwassaid,aswell,aboutmassatroc- ities committed by terrorists, which was particularly ironic given that theICISSreportwasreleasedatthetimeofthe9/11attacks.Myassump- tion, which fortunately proved correct, was that Member States would notobjecttoareformulationthatrecognizedthattheywerenotalways on the wrong side of such acts. In practice, we later had to address several situations, such as in Kyrgyzstan, Mali, South Sudan, and the
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