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D Appreciation of the context that advances or hinders the enjoyment A RAVINDRAN DANIEL of human rights would provide the basis for developing relevant N strategies, including the use of concepts, laws and mechanisms to I E promote human rights protection. With this aim, this book facilitates L reflection on the theory and practice of human rights. It deals with the historical evolution of human rights ideas, traces the evolution of international human rights law, examines the UN and other human HUMAN RIGHTS rights protection mechanisms, discusses the growth of human rights NGOs and their contribution, and studies the changing contours of the human rights movement. IN THEORY T Human Rights in Theory and Practice: An Overview of Concepts and H Treaties includes detailed examination of the provisions of major EH AND PRACTICE human rights treaties. It is a revised and updated version of the 1998 OU publication, Human Rights Praxis: A Resource Book for Study, Action RM and Reflection, which was widely used by activists and other readers Y A and was translated into Bahasa Indonesia, Thai and Tamil. The AN An Overview of present book will similarly be of interest to human rights activists and N R scholars of politics, law, sociology, history, international relations and D I Concepts and Treaties peace studies. G P H R T A S Ravindran Daniel is a human rights lawyer and C an independent expert member of the United TIN Nations Human Rights Council’s Working Group I on Mercenaries. C E Cover Photo Credit: Sandeep Ravindran spectrum.sagepub.in SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and high-quality research and teaching content. Today, we publish over 900 journals, including those of more than 400 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, and video. SAGE remains majority-owned by our founder, and after Sara’s lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne An Overview of Concepts and Treaties Copyright © Ravindran Daniel, 2022 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2022 by SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India www.sagepub.in Typeset in Century Schoolbook 9.5/13. Library of Congress Control Number: 2022946359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/978-93-5479-567-1 ISBN: 978-93-5479-548-0 (PB) Dedicated to my father Daniel and my mother Kalyani Daniel. Despite their limited means, they provided the best for us and trusted us in our life choices. Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction xiii Part I: Evolution of Human Rights Idea and Human Rights Law 1. Human Rights: Historical Evolution 3 2. Evolution of International Human Rights Law 38 3. An Overview of International Humanitarian Law, International Refugee Law and International Labour Standards 56 Part II: Human Rights Protection and Promotion 4. UN and other Human Rights Protection Mechanisms 79 5. Human Rights NGOs/Movements 110 Part III: Major Human Rights Treaties 6. International Human Rights Treaties: Clarification of Major Concepts 127 7. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 148 8. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 185 Contents vii