Human Requirements of Flight. Aviation and Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office

196 Pages·2007·4.84 MB·English

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 111 631
SE 018 057
AUTHOR
Coard, E.
A.
Human Requirements of Flight. Aviation and
TITLE
Spaceflight. Aerospace Education III.
INSTITUTION
Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office
Training Corps.
PUB DATE
74
NOTE
197p.; Colored drawings and:1)hp ographs may not
reproduce clearly. For the acco panying Instructor
Handbook, see SE 018 058
EDRS PRICE
MF-$0.76 HC-$9.51 Plus Potage
DESCRIPTORS
*Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology;
Biological Iin,fluences; Biological Sciences; Biology;
Human Body; *Instructional Materials; Physical
Sciences; *Physiology; Secondary Education;
Textbooks
IDENTIFIERS
*Air Force Junior ROTC
ABSTRACT
This book, one in the series on Aerospace Education
'4, deals with the general nature of human physiology during space
flights. Chapter
begins with a brief discussion of the nature of
1
the atmosphere. Other topics gamined in this chapter include
respiration and circulation, pfinciples and problems of vision, noise
and vibration,, and self-imposed stresses. Chapter 2 provides an
account of aerospace medicine. The next two chapters are devoted to a
general description of protective equipment used by fliers, pilot
training, and surviving and living in space. Chapters 5 and 6 provide
information on skylab and future space flights. The book is designed
to be used in the Air Force ROTC program.
(PB)
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AVIATION AND SPACE FLIGHT
S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.
EDUCATION &WELFARE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO
DuCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM
THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN
ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE
SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY
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Aerospace .Education III
Human Requirements of Flight'
Aviation and Spaceflight
E., A. Cciard
Academic Publications Division
f
3825th Academic Services Group
0
AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC
AIR 'UNIVERSITY
MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE / .
9
1974
r
,/
i
t
This publication has been reviewed and approved by competent'
personnel of the preparing command in- accordance with current
directives on doctrine, policy, essentiality, propriety, and 9tiality.
/
G
\
'
This book will not Ise* 'offered for sale. It Is for use only in the
Mr Force ROTC prOgram.
.
.
This text )vas developed under the directon of lst -Lt till D. Brink,
Mrospoce Curriculum Coins* Director.
-AV
We gratefully acknowledge the talent and contribulloits of Sat
Branch, 3825th Academic
Jose M. M. Hernandez, Production
Services Group, to the illustrative development of this text.
".'
,
Preface
AS ENGINEERs.developed aircraft that could fly higher
and faster, greater stresses were placed on.the bodies:,
of pilots and aircrews. Man himtelf soon became the
factor limiting advances in flight. To enable man to
overcome his natural handicipi and ..to progress "in
flight into, the cold, rarefied atmdsphere, doctors and
"physiologtsts have had to learn snore about the way'
the body reactslo
As medical specialists have accumulated knowledge
about iiight_physlology,they_have worked_witluengi-
deers to meet the human requirements of flight. By
designing and developing oxygen masks, pressure suits,
and,pressUrized cabins, medical and engineeringtspe:.?
cialists, have enabled, man to
his bOdy while
protect,
flying in the upper atmosphere. With more advanced
protective cidthini 1:td.eguipFiepb.m.,ansouid progress.
to the very fringe of spaceiiiid thaitinto space jtself.
PiOneer balloonists, pilots, and astronauts have also
;
.
played an important part in meeting the huinan re-
quirements, of filet. First came the balloonists who
explored the lower reaches of the atinbsphere. Next
came the test pilots and the combat pilots who flew
.
the newest models Otkigh-pertormance aircraft. Even
.
after high-performance aircraft were flying, balloonists
continued to explore the atmosphere at higher altitudes
until they reached, the flight ceiling. The animals sent
aloft on sounding rockets and in spacecraft helped to
prepare, the way for man to go,into space. The .first
4
astronauts whosorbited in space and traveled to the
ireater
moon were subjected to flight .stresses much
than man had.ever bore encountered.
As man has learned better ways for countering the
altitudes' flight has become
stresses on:light at higher
safer and more comfortable. Comtliercial air trans-,
portation has apanded rapidly. as a restilt..
in compiling this book, information was obtained
from many sources. Grateful acknowledgment is,made,
to the Federal Aviatibn Administration (FAA) and,
to the airlines for information on pilot training. Thanks
Adonautics and .Space
are alsO due to .the National
Administration (NASA-) for photographs showing
man's activities hi space, as well as for information on
InfdrMation on the
space projects and schedules.
physiological effects of space ddiation was obtained
from publication's of the U$ Atomic Energy Com-
mission and the Air University Space, Handbook,.
.
a
e
It)
e
nients
.
iii
Preface
. : ..
Chapter iPHYSIOLOGY OF-FLIGHT .
1
. ,
'2
.
Naiure 'Of the Atinosphere
s_s:
...,,
.
Re§pirationand arm-dation, 4, ',
8
I,
. .
-.,
.
.
,
12.
'Effects of Reduced-Pressure at. Altitude
20-
,,
jlapid Decompression
_..
.
.,,
.
.
.
.
,
.i
'
21.
Principles and Problems of vision
.
.
Spatial DisoripktatiOn' and Motion .,
..
.
26
.
'Sickness
.
-
Acceleration and Deceleration:
.
.-
29
Increa.le4t, 0-Forces
'.
--.
.
.
. .
.
.
,,,
--Noise-and-Vibration-
..-- ----- .-
-y7---.---4.----.
--,
C.
Beat and. Cold DurinFlight
33C-
.-
.
t
Nqious.-Gases and Vapors.
.
.
.
SeIVIMpoied Stresses
.
.
.
3356
.,
i
Chapter 2=--AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND
43 '
.
RUMAN ENGINEERING
.
.
.
-
,
.,
..
44
Beginning) of Aerospace Medicine
.
..
. .
.
SO
Care of Fliers
;.
.-
.:-,_ ..
.
.
-
'Si'
,
Man and Machine
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.:,
,'
54
.
'Research on Ihe.,Fringe .of Space ...
4
erA7PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
AND,PIOT TRAINING
.
65,
.
P(olective Equippent
.
Train.ipt Prngrtnnt
.
.. ..
.
,
91
Fliiht, Simulators
.
1`)
1b3
Chapter 4,--SURVIVINQ ACID LIVING IN SPACE
-1417
Space iFtVironment
of Siacefliet
"Stressc
.
Environmental Cobtrol System .
132:
Liiing in Space
.
.
'140
,Spice Rescue.
. .
.
.
t
,
,
, -
.AChoptei..,57-TfiE MANNED 'SPAQEFLioHTS
147
.. 147
..
Fittt.Theee Seriet of Flights
-
.
.
.
t
,
158
The..Skyrah,
t
.
Chaplet: 6--'.F.1IdiT)1N THE FUTURE
169
:Ailvanced :Aiiccaft
169
Futuri 815aceflight
172
.
.
'.4.,
t
..,
.
.
185;
.
INDEX
.
.
A
THIS CHAPTER summarizes the bask principleI of the physiology
of flight.
It describes the nature of the different layers of the atmosphere, and it explains
how the respiratory and circulatory systems are affected by reduced barometric
pressure at altitude. It desCribe4 the causes and symptoms,d hypoxia, trapped
gases, and decompression sickness, and' the effects of rapC8 decompression at
altitude.
also explains how tho eyes function during flight and how the
It
flier's body is affected-by disorientation and motion sickness, increased G-forces,
noise and vibration, excessive heat and cold, noxious gases and vapors, and
self unposed stresses...After you leave studied this chapter, you should be able
to clo the following. (1)
tell
the principal differerices ,between the layey of
the almasphere through,which aircraft fly, (2) explain how et flier is affected
by hypoxia, trapped gases, decompression sickness, and rapid decompression
at high altitudes,
(3) explain why good eyes are important to a flier.; and
(4) describe how a flier
is affected.* disorientation, noise and vibration,
excessive heat and cold, and self-imposed
tobacco, and
(alcohol,
stresses
drugs).
M
AN'S N ATCRA
the ground
ENVIRONMENT
on
Is
the b'ottom of an' ocean pf air. As man began to leave his nat-
ural em ironment and fly,
aircraft to high altittJdes, he found that
pressure
surrounding
the
of
decreased
air
the
increasinz
with
ind that he experienced stress' in the cold, rarefied
height,
air.
As man AA to increasingly higher altitudes' and at greater speed',
additional stIesses were played on the body
as to con-
If ,man
.
'emu to
in fly ing, he had to learn More about, the' human
body and tile \kitp in which it
and
'is affected by flight.
Man has learned many w 4s to adapt
to flying
aviation -
as
and spaceflight haN e progressed This ,adaptation has been brought
about not by learning how to make the body change
but rather
using special equipment or changing the l9o4y's enironment
by
during flight
The human body" makes chanf.es 'only
nar-
itlun
row limits in attempting to adjust to the saesses of flight. The
9,
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Of'FLIGHT
body tissues maintain esse daily the same temperature, have about
xygen and salts, and are bathed by
the same concentration of
flight as on the ground. One of
a similar amount ,of, fluid .du
's body functioning normally
the principal ways that, man kee
during flight is to create an earthlike environment that he can
take with him while he is flying.
NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
In his natural environment on the ground, man maintains a
uniform pressure inside and outside the body. The atmosphere
provides the body, issue with a,- supply of oxygen, which is' nec-
essary to, sustain life, The human body can adjust to relatively
small temperature changes, and it can survive for some time with-
out food or water; hut life cannot be sustained for long wi ut
oxygen. At sea level, a Irian shut off 'from oxygen provided
the atmosphere would die within five to eight minutes. At hi
altitudes, death would come sooner..
To understand how the body is affected by the atmosphere
during flight, it is necessary to know more about the atmosphere
and hoW it changes with altitude.
Composition of the Atmosphere
At sea level the atmosphere is made up of a mixture of many
gases,and varying amounts of water vapor. The proportions of the
different dry gases in the lower atmosphere remain fairly con -
stant. Of the mixture cior dry gases at sea level, roughly 78 per-
cent is nitrogen and 21 percent
oxygen. The remaining
is
1
percent consists of carbon dioxide and other gases.
Although nitrogen makes up about 78 percent of the atmo-
sphere, it is not used by the body to support life. Nitrogen serves
only to dilute the oxygen and supply additional pressure, and the
same amount of nitrogen is exhaled. as is inhaled. It is important
to remember that "the blood and other body, fluids contain nitro-
gen. This gas may change, fiom the liquid', to the gaspous state
'during ascent to high altitude's.
Okygen must not only be taken into the. lungs but also be" -
absorbed into the bloodstream and _carried by_the blood_to all
parts of the body. Oxygen must be °Intently supplied to the
cells 'and tissues to "keep the body, alive. As mall, ascends to
higher altitudes, he finds that the amount of oxygen decreases
and that the temperatuie and pressure of the atmosphere also
,t
change.