Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems

965 Pages·2018·77.296 MB·English

by  Sherwood, Lauralee;Ward, Christopher

4th Canadian edition
sherwood
ward
Human
4th Canadian edition
Human PH
Physiology
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Physiology
From Cells to systems
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From Cells to systems o
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ISBN-13: 978-0-17-674484-7
ISBN-10: 0-17-674484-3
9 780176 744847
sherwood • ward
BODY SYSTEMS
Made up of cells organized according to specialization to maintain homeostasis
See Chapter 1.
NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Body systems
Acts through electrical signals to control rapid Acts by means of hormones secreted into the
maintain
responses of the body; also responsible for blood to regulate processes that require duration
homeostasis
Information from the higher functions (e.g., consciousness, memory, Regulate rather than speed (e.g., metabolic activities and
and creativity) water and electrolyte balance)
external environment See Chapters 3 and 4. See Chapters 5 and 6. HOMEOSTASIS
relayed through the A dynamic, steady state of the
nervous system constituents in the internal fluid
environment that surrounds and
exchanges materials with the cells
See Chapter 1.
Factors homeostatically maintained:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Concentration of nutrient molecules
Obtains O from and eliminates CO to the external INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM See Chapters 5, 6, 14, and 15.
O2 environme2nt; helps regulate pH by a2djusting the Serves as a protective barrier between the Keeps internal Concentration of O and CO
CO2 rSaetee oCf hreamptoevrasl o1f2 a acnidd- fo1r4m.ing CO2 ethxete srwnaela etn gvliaronndms eanntd a anddju tshtem reenmtsa iinnd sekri no fb tlhoeo db oflodwy; fKlueideps sin foreign SCeoen cCehntarapttieonr 1o2f .w2aste prod2ucts
are important in temperature regulation See Chapter 13.
material out
See Chapters 11 and 16. pH See Chapter 14.
Concentration of water, salts, and other
URINARY SYSTEM
electrolytes
Important in regulating the volume, electrolyte
Urine containing See Chapters 5, 6, 13, and 14.
composition, and pH of the internal environment;
wastes, excess Temperature See Chapter 15.
removes wastes and excess water, salt, acid,
water, and Volume and pressure
and other electrolytes from the plasma and
electrolytes See Chapters 9, 13, and 14.
eliminates them in the urine
See Chapters 13 and 14. IMMUNE SYSTEM
Defends against foreign invaders and cancer cells;
Protects against Homeostasis is
paves way for tissue repair
foreign invaders essential for
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM See Chapter 11.
Nutrients, water, survival of cells
Obtains nutrients, water, and electrolytes from
electrolytes
the external environment and transfers them into
Feces containing the plasma; eliminates undigested food residues
undigested food to the external environment
residue See Chapter 15.
MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS
Support and protect body parts and allow body Enables the CELLS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM movement; heat-generating muscle contractions are body to interact Need homeostasis for their own
Sperm leave male Not essential for homeostasis but essential for important in temperature regulation; calcium is stored with the external survival and for performing
Sperm enter female perpetuation of the species iSne teh eC bhoanpeters 6, 7, and 16. environment specialized functions essential for
See Chapter 17. survival of the whole body
See Chapters 1 and 2.
Exchanges with Need a continual supply of nutrients and
Exchanges with
all other systems all other systems O2 and ongoing elimination of acid-forming
CO to generate the energy needed
Kaulitzki/Shutterstock EXTERNAL C ISTRreaCenU sCpLhoAarTtpsO tneRurYtsr iSe8nY, t9Ss,,T aOEn2Md, C1O0.2, wastes, electrolytes, and hormones throughout the body taFSocoe topei2vdo iCt wi+ehe sOar apl2isf te(cid:31) ef -o rsC lul1oOs6wt2.a si n:+i nHg2 cOe +llu elanre rgy
Sebastian ENVIRONMENT
Cells make up
body systems
Each chapter begins with a system-specific version of the pictorial homeostatic
model that depicts how the body system discussed in the chapter functions
within the body as a whole. The accompanying icon marks a special section at
each chapter’s end that focuses on how the system contributes to homeostasis.
Together these features will give you a better perspective on homeostasis and the interde-
pendency of body systems.
NEL
Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Endsheet2-3.indd 2 12/30/17 5:57 PM
BODY SYSTEMS
Made up of cells organized according to specialization to maintain homeostasis
See Chapter 1.
NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Body systems
Acts through electrical signals to control rapid Acts by means of hormones secreted into the
maintain
responses of the body; also responsible for blood to regulate processes that require duration
homeostasis
Information from the higher functions (e.g., consciousness, memory, Regulate rather than speed (e.g., metabolic activities and
and creativity) water and electrolyte balance)
external environment See Chapters 3 and 4. See Chapters 5 and 6. HOMEOSTASIS
relayed through the A dynamic, steady state of the
nervous system constituents in the internal fluid
environment that surrounds and
exchanges materials with the cells
See Chapter 1.
Factors homeostatically maintained:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Concentration of nutrient molecules
Obtains O from and eliminates CO to the external INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM See Chapters 5, 6, 14, and 15.
O2 environme2nt; helps regulate pH by a2djusting the Serves as a protective barrier between the Keeps internal Concentration of O and CO
CO2 rSaetee oCf hreamptoevrasl o1f2 a acnidd- fo1r4m.ing CO2 ethxete srwnaela etn gvliaronndms eanntd a anddju tshtem reenmtsa iinnd sekri no fb tlhoeo db oflodwy; fKlueideps sin foreign SCeoen cCehntarapttieonr 1o2f .w2aste prod2ucts
are important in temperature regulation See Chapter 13.
material out
See Chapters 11 and 16. pH See Chapter 14.
Concentration of water, salts, and other
URINARY SYSTEM
electrolytes
Important in regulating the volume, electrolyte
Urine containing See Chapters 5, 6, 13, and 14.
composition, and pH of the internal environment;
wastes, excess Temperature See Chapter 15.
removes wastes and excess water, salt, acid,
water, and Volume and pressure
and other electrolytes from the plasma and
electrolytes See Chapters 9, 13, and 14.
eliminates them in the urine
See Chapters 13 and 14. IMMUNE SYSTEM
Defends against foreign invaders and cancer cells;
Protects against Homeostasis is
paves way for tissue repair
foreign invaders essential for
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM See Chapter 11.
Nutrients, water, survival of cells
Obtains nutrients, water, and electrolytes from
electrolytes
the external environment and transfers them into
Feces containing the plasma; eliminates undigested food residues
undigested food to the external environment
residue See Chapter 15.
MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS
Support and protect body parts and allow body Enables the CELLS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM movement; heat-generating muscle contractions are body to interact Need homeostasis for their own
Sperm leave male Not essential for homeostasis but essential for important in temperature regulation; calcium is stored with the external survival and for performing
Sperm enter female perpetuation of the species iSne teh eC bhoanpeters 6, 7, and 16. environment specialized functions essential for
See Chapter 17. survival of the whole body
See Chapters 1 and 2.
Exchanges with Need a continual supply of nutrients and
Exchanges with
all other systems all other systems O2 and ongoing elimination of acid-forming
CO to generate the energy needed
2
to power life-sustaining cellular
activities as follows:
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Food + O (cid:31) CO + H O + energy
2 2 2
Transports nutrients, O , CO , wastes, electrolytes, and hormones throughout the body
EXTERNAL 2 2 See Chapter 16.
See Chapters 8, 9, and 10.
ENVIRONMENT
Cells make up
body systems
NEL
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Endsheet2-3.indd 3 12/30/17 5:57 PM
FOURTH CANADIAN EDITION
Human Physiology
From Cells to Systems
Lauralee Sherwood
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
School of Medicine
West Virginia University
Christopher Ward
Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences
Cardiovascular Physiology
Queen’s University
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Human Physiology, Fourth Canadian Edition
by Lauralee Sherwood, Christopher Ward
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published by Cengage Learning. electronic, or mechanical, including to systems / Lauralee Sherwood,
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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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To my family for all they have done for me in the
past, all they mean to me in the present,
and all I hope will yet be in the future:
My parents, Larry and Lee Sherwood
(both in memoriam)
My husband, Pater Marshall
My daughters and son-in-law, Melinda and Mark
Marple, Allison Tadros and Bill Krantz
My grandchildren, Lindsay Marple, Emily Marple,
Alexander Tadros, Lauren Krantz
Lauralee Sherwood
To my family for their love and support
and to the students whose quest
for knowledge has inspired me
Christopher Ward
Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Brief Contents
Preface xvii Chapter 16
Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation 699
Chapter 1
The Foundation of Physiology 3 Chapter 17
The Reproductive System 723
Chapter 2
Cell Physiology 21 Appendix A
Système Internationale/Physiological Measurements A-1
Chapter 3
The Central Nervous System 91
Appendix B
Chapter 4 A Review of Chemical Principles A-3
The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic,
Appendix C
Somatic 141
Storage, Replication, and Expression of Genetic
Chapter 5 Information A-19
Principles of Endocrinology: The Central Endocrine
Appendix D
Glands 209
Principles of Quantitative Reasoning A-31
Chapter 6
Appendix E
The Endocrine Glands 247
Answers to End-of-Chapter Objective Questions,
Chapter 7 Quantitative Exercises, Points to Ponder, and Clinical
Muscle Physiology 297 Considerations A-35
Chapter 8 Appendix F
Cardiac Physiology 345 Reference Values for Commonly Measured Variables in
Blood and Commonly Measured Cardiorespiratory
Chapter 9
Variables A-57
Vascular Physiology 385
Appendix G
Chapter 10
A Deeper Look into Chapter 12, The Respiratory
The Blood 433
System A-59
Chapter 11
Glossary G-1
Body Defences 459
Index I-1
Chapter 12
The Respiratory System 499
Chapter 13
The Urinary System 559
Chapter 14
Fluid and Acid–Base Balance 607
Chapter 15
The Digestive System 645
NEL v
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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Contents
Preface xvii 2.3 Cellular Metabolism 22
Pathways for production of ATP 24
Chapter 1 | The Foundation of Aerobic versus anaerobic conditions 28
ATP production from other dietary sources 28
Physiology 3
ATP for synthesis, transport, and mechanical work 28
1.1 Introduction to Physiology 3 2.4 The Plasma Membrane 29
Approaches to understanding 4 Membrane structure and composition 29
Structure and function 4 Concepts, Challenges, and Controversies:
1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body 4 Cystic Fibrosis: A Fatal Defect in Membrane Transport 32
Chemical level 4 2.5 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions 34
Cellular level 5 Biological glue 34
Tissue level 6 Cell junctions 34
Organ level 7 2.6 Overview of Membrane Transport 36
Body system level 7
2.7 Unassisted Membrane Transport 37
Organism level 8
Passive diffusion of particles 37
1.3 Concepts of Homeostasis 9 Passive diffusion of ions 38
Homeostasis 9
Osmosis 38
Body cells 9
2.8 Assisted Membrane Transport 41
Concepts, Challenges, and Controversies:
Carrier-mediated transport 41
The Science and Direction of Stem Cell Research in
Active or passive transport 43
Canada 10
Vesicular transport 46
Body systems 11
Secretory vesicles 48
1.4 Homeostatic Control Systems 14
Balance of endocytosis and exocytosis 50
Local or body-wide control 14
2.9 Intercellular Communication and Signal Transduction 51
Negative feedback 14
Communication between cells 51
Positive feedback 15
Signal transduction 53
Feedforward mechanisms and anticipation 16
Chemically gated channels 53
Disruptions in homeostasis 16
Second-messenger pathways 53
Chapter in Perspective:
Focus on Homeostasis 16 2.10 Membrane Potential 54
Separation of opposite charges 54
Chapter Terminology 16
Review Exercises 17 Concentration and permeability of ions 54
Points to Ponder 18 Specialized use of membrane potential in nerve and
muscle cells 57
Clinical Consideration 18
Depolarization and hyperpolarization 58
Electrical signals and ion movement 58
Chapter 2 | Cell Physiology 21 2.11 Graded Potentials 59
Triggering events 59
2.1 Observation of Cells 22 Graded potentials and passive currents 59
2.2 An Overview of Cell Structure 22 Graded potentials and current loss 60
vi NEL
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