Human insecurity in East Asia

302 Pages·2009·2.861 MB·English

by  Umegaki, Michio;Watabe, Atsushi;Thiesmeyer, Lynn

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Human insecurity in East Asia

Human insecurity in East Asia
Edited by Michio Umegaki, Lynn Thiesmeyer and
Atsushi Watabe
a
United Nations
University Press
TOKYOuNEWYORKuPARIS
6UnitedNationsUniversity,2009
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec-
essarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsUniversity.
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CoverdesignbyMeaRhee
CoverphotographbyQilaiShen/PanosPictures
PrintedinHongKong
ISBN978-92-808-1164-3
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
HumaninsecurityinEastAsia/editedbyMichioUmegaki,LynnThiesmeyer,
andAtsushiWatabe.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-9280811643(pbk.)
1.Basicneeds—EastAsia. 2.Riskmanagement—EastAsia. 3.EastAsia—
Socialconditions—21stcentury. I.Umegaki,Michio. II.Thiesmeyer,Lynn.
III.Watabe,Atsushi.
HC460.5.Z9B382009
363.3095—dc22 2009000016
Contents
Tables and figures ..................................................... vii
Contributors ........................................................... x
Acknowledgements ................................................... xii
Abbreviations ......................................................... xiv
Introduction – East Asia in a human security perspective.......... 1
Michio Umegaki
Part I: Living with human insecurity................................. 19
1 Embracing human insecurity: Agent Orange-Dioxin and the
legacies of the war in Viet Nam .................................. 21
Michio Umegaki, Vu Le Thao Chi, and Tran Duc Phan
2 The ageing community: Human insecurity in a ‘‘developed’’
society.............................................................. 47
Satoshi Watanabe
3 Choice of their own, choice from their need: People on the
move in rural northeast Thailand ................................ 72
Atsushi Watabe and Chaicharn Wongsamun
vi CONTENTS
4 Rural changes and ageing in human insecurity in northern
Thailand ........................................................... 100
Liwa Pardthaisong-Chaipanich
Part II: Intervening in human insecurity ............................ 119
5 Landlessness and development: Policy purposes and policy
outcomes in Southeast Asia ...................................... 121
Lynn Thiesmeyer
6 Policy coordination beyond borders: Japan-China
environmental policy practices in Shenyang and Chengdu,
China .............................................................. 144
Wang Xue-ping and Yoshika Sekine
7 ASEAN migrant workers: From poverty to human-security-
based competitiveness ............................................ 165
Patcharawalai Wongboonsin
8 Pesticide dependence in agriculture: Policy for productivity
and policy for security in Viet Nam .............................. 191
Tran Duc Vien and Pham Van Hoi
9 Creating a community: Ageing in urban Japan.................. 211
Daisuke Watanabe
10 Human security practices in a highland minority project ....... 232
Lynn Thiesmeyer and Seewigaa Kittiyoungkun
Epilogue – Research in human insecurity ........................... 260
Michio Umegaki
Index .................................................................. 269
Tables and figures
Tables
I.1 Life expectancy at birth (LEB), 1999 and 2004, and
percentage of population beyond or near LEB .............. 10
1.1 Size of AO families ............................................ 33
1.2 Average age of heads of AO families......................... 33
1.3 Access to ‘‘stable’’ sources of monetary resources ........... 35
1.4 Deterrence of AO damage: Number of children after first
handicapped child .............................................. 37
1.5 Deterrence of AO damage: Number of children after
second handicapped child...................................... 37
1.6 Non-AO deterrence: Number of AO families with healthy
last child ........................................................ 38
1.7 Non-AO deterrence: Number and size of AO families with
healthy last child ............................................... 38
3.1 Number and classification of household members ........... 80
3.2 Classification of migrants by gender and age ................. 80
3.3 Classification of migrants by place of work................... 81
3.4 Classification of migrants by gender and occupation......... 81
3.5 Classification of migrants by main reason for migration ..... 82
3.6 Classification of migrants by source offinancing for
migration ....................................................... 82
3.7 Classification of migrants by amount of expenses for
migration ....................................................... 83
3.8 Average income and remittances of migrants (US$)......... 83
vii
viii TABLES AND FIGURES
3.9 Sources of household income ................................. 84
3.10 Disbursement of remittances from migrants (%) ............ 85
3.11 Perception of impact of out-migration of respondents in
each ecosystem................................................. 86
4.1 People living with HIV/AIDS in the study areas, 2006 ...... 105
6.1 Process of afforestation experiment in Shenyang, Kangping
prefecture, 1999–2006 ......................................... 156
7.1 ASEAN migrant workers ..................................... 172
8.1 Pesticide expenditure and uses, 1990–1991................... 199
8.2 Use of pesticides in different regions of Viet Nam ........... 200
9.1 Ageing in rural and urban Japan as percentage of total
population, 1970–2030......................................... 214
9.2 Transition of number of establishments in retailing
industry, 1982–2004............................................ 217
9.3 Members of the Takesumi Club............................... 221
9.4 Samples of ‘‘environment maintenance and improvements’’,
2006–2007 ...................................................... 225
10.1 Bahn Ruam Jai’s graduates by ethnicity...................... 242
Figures
I.1 Economic inequality (highest GNI countries and East
Asia) ............................................................. 9
I.2 Economic growth and welfare fulfilment ...................... 12
I.3 Economic growth and human insecurity V-curve ............. 12
1.1 Average age distribution of heads of AO families ............ 33
4.1 Number of children in the surveyed households .............. 104
4.2 Number of household members in the surveyed
households....................................................... 106
4.3 Impact of low fertility, HIV/AIDS-related mortality, and
out-migration interactions on the size and proportion of the
ageing population ............................................... 110
4.4 Proportions of children, adults, and ageing in the surveyed
population ....................................................... 111
6.1 Location of Chengdu (Sichuan) and Shenyang (Liaoning),
China ............................................................ 146
6.2 Comparison of TSP concentrations at city centre, cultural,
commercial, industrial, and suburban districts in Chengdu in
winter and summer, 1991 ....................................... 148
6.3 Contribution of emission source particles to atmospheric
concentration of total suspended particles (352 mg/m3 of
two-year average from April 1990 to March 1992) at
Chengdu city centre............................................. 149
TABLES AND FIGURES ix
6.4 Predicted rate of change (%) in atmospheric SO
2
concentration in China from 1992 to 2005, calculated by the
grid simulation model with 1:0(cid:1)(cid:2)1:0(cid:1) resolution.............. 152
6.5 Trunk analysis according to Takao Fujimori of the Japan
Forest Technology Association ................................. 157
7.1 Flows of ASEAN migrant workers, December 2006 .......... 169
7.2 ASEAN Centre for Production and Standards of
Workforce ....................................................... 186
8.1 Sectoral contribution to Vietnamese GDP, 1990–2004........ 194
8.2 Volume of pesticides (in finished form) imported into Viet
Nam, 1990–2002 ................................................. 197
8.3 Proportions of the 22 most frequently used pesticides in 2
villages in Donganh, Hanoi ..................................... 201