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Human Growth: 2 Postnatal Growth PDF

641 Pages·1978·21.486 MB·English
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HUMAN GROWTH 2 Postnatal Growth HUMAN GROWTH Valurne 1 Principles and Prenatal Growth Valurne 2 Postnatal Growth Valurne 3 Neurobiology and Nutrition HUMAN GROWTH 2 Postnatal Growth Editedby Frank Falkner The Fels Research Institute Wright State University School ofM edicine Yellow Springs, Ohio and J.M. Tanner Institute of Child Health London, England SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Human growth. Includes bibliographies and index. CONTENTS: v. 1. Principles and prenatal growth.-v. 2. Postnatal growth.-v. 3. Neurobiology and nutrition. 1. Human growth-Collected work. 1. Falkner, Frank Tardrew, 1918- Il. Tanner, James Mourilyan. [DNLM: 1. Growth. 2. Gestational age. WSI03 H918] QP84.H76 612'5 78-1440 ISBN 978-1-4684-2624-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-2622-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-2622-9 © 1978 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1978 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1978 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microftlming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors DONALD A. BAILEY NOEL CAMERON Professor Lecturer in Human Auxology College of Physical Education Department of Growth and University of Saskatchewan Development Saskatoon, Canada Institute of Child Health London, England FREDERICK C. BATTAGLIA Professor and Chairman ARTO DEMIRJIAN Department of Pediatrics Director, Growth Center University of Colorado School of U niversite de Montreal Medicine Montreal, Quebec, Canada Denver, Colorado /NGEBORG BRANDT GILBERT 8. FORBES University Children's Hospital Professor of Pediatrics and of University of Bonn Radiation Biology and Biophysics Bonn, Germany The University ofRochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, New York JO ANNE BRASEL Associate Professor of Pediatrics Director, Division of Growth and RHODA K. GRUEN Development Institute of Human Nutrition and Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Columbia University College of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Physicians and Surgeons New York, New York New York, New York C. G. D. BROOK MEL VIN M. GRUMBACH Consultant Pediatrician Professor of Pediatrics The Middlesex Hospital University of California San Francisco London, England San Francisco, California V vi MALCOLM A. HOLL/DAY ROY L. RASMUSSEN Professor of Pediatrics Assistant Professor CONTRIBUTORS The Children's Renal Center, Department of Physical Education Department of Pediatrics St. Francis Xavier University University of Califomia San Francisco Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada San Francisco, Califomia ALEX F. ROCHE HARRY ISRAEL, /II Senior Scientist Chief, Dental Research Section The Fels Research Institute Children's Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics Dayton, Ohio Wright State University School of Medicine FRANCIS E. JOHNSTON Yellow Springs, Ohio Professor of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania MICHAEL A. SIMMONS University Museum Departments of Pediatrics and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Obstetrics The Johns Hopkins University School JEROME L. KNITTLE ofMedicine Professor of Pediatrics Baltimore, Maryland Director, Division of Nutrition and Metabolism PATRICK G. SULLIVAN Mt. Sinai School of Medicine Reader in Orthodontics New York, New York London Hospital Medical College Dental School London, England ROBERT M. MAL/NA Professor Department of Anthropology J. C. VAN WIERINGEN University of Texas University Children's Hospital Austin, Texas Het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis Utrecht, The Netherlands W. A. MARSHALL Professor of Human Biology JEREMY S. 0. WINTER Department of Human Seiences University of Manitoba Loughborough University Endocrine-Metabolism Section Loughborough, Leicestershire, Health Seiences Center England Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Preface Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of changeinan organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. lt is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of chärts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth. Smaller textbooks on the subject began to appear in the late nineteenth century, some written by pediatricians and some by anthropologists. There have been magnificent mavericks like D' Arcy Thompson's Growth and Form. In the last five years, indeed, more texts on growth and its disorders have appeared than in all the preceeding fifty (o r five hundred). But our treatise sets out to cover the subject with greater breadth than earlier works. We have refrained from dictating too closely the form of the contributions; some contributors have discussed important generat issues in relatively short chapters (for example, Richard Goss, our opener, and Michael Healy); others have provided comprehensive and authoritative surveys of the current state of their fields of work (for example, Robert Balazs and bis co-authors). Most contributions deal with the human, but where important advances are being made although data from the human are still lacking, we have included some basic experimental work on animals. Inevitably, there are gaps in our coverage, reflecting our private scotomata, doubtless, and sometimes our judgment that no suitable contributor in a particular field existed, or could be persuaded to write for us (the latter only in a couple of instances, however). Two chapters died on the hoof, as it were. Every readerwill vii viii notice the Iack of a chapter on ultrasonic studies of the growth of the fetus; the manuscript, repeatedly promised, simply failed to arrive. We had hoped, also, to PREFACE include a chapter on the very rapidly evolving field ofthe development ofthe visual processes, but here also events conspired against us. We hope to repair these omissions in a second edition if one should be called for; and we solicit correspon dence, too, on suggestions for other subjects. We hope the book will be useful to pediatricians, human biologists, and all concemed with child health, and to biometrists, physiologists, and biochemists working in the field of growth. We thank heartily the contributors for their Iabors and their collective, and remarkable, good temper in the face of often bluntish editorial comment. No words of praise suffice for our secretaries, on whom very much ofthe burden has fallen. Karen Phelps, at Fels, handled all the administrative arrangements regarding what increasingly seemed like innumerable manuscripts and rumors of manuscripts, retyped huge chunks of text, and maintained an unruffled and humoraus calm through the whole three years. Jan Baines, at the Institute of Child Health, somehow found time to keep track of the interactions of editors and manuscripts, and applied a gentle but insistent persuasion when any pair seemed inclined to go their separate ways. We wish to thank also the publishers for being so uniformly helpful, and above all the contributors for the time and care they have given to making this book. Frank Falkner James Tanner Yellow Springsand London Contents V Postnatal Growth Chapter 1 Ce/lu/ar Growth: Brain, Liver, Muscle, and Lung Jo Anne Brasel and Rhoda K. Gruen 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Skeletal Museie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6. Lung........................................................... 14 7. Summary and Conclusions........................................ 16 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Chapter 2 Ce/lu/ar Growth: Adipose Tissue C. G. D. Brook 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2. Brown Adipose Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. White Adipose Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5. References........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Chapter 3 The Methods of Auxologica/ Anthropometry NoiU Cameron 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2. The Auxological Anthropometrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3. Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4. Recommended Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5. Surface Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ix

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