Human Geography PDF
Preview Human Geography
ELEVENTH EDITION Human G E O G R A P H Y LANDSCAPES OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES JEROME D. FELLMANN University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign MARK D. BJELLAND Gustavus Adolphus College ARTHUR GETIS San Diego State University JUDITH GETIS TM TM HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: LANDSCAPES OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES, ELEVENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2008, 2007, and 2005. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 ISBN 978–0–07–352285–2 MHID 0–07–352285–6 Publisher: Ryan Blankenship Executive Editor: Margaret J. Kemp Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts Senior Marketing Manager: Lisa Nicks Project Manager: Joyce Watters Senior Production Supervisor: Sherry L. Kane Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri (USE) Cover Image: Getty Images Senior Photo Research Coordinator: Lori Hancock Photo Research: Connie Mueller Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Printer: R. R. Donnelley Willard, OH All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fellmann, Jerome Donald, 1926. Human geography : landscapes of human activities / Jerome D. Fellmann ... [et al.]. — Eleventh ed. p. cm. Previous edition cataloged under Fellmann, Jerome D. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–07–352285–2 — ISBN 0–07–352285–6 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human geography. I. Fellmann, Jerome Donald, 1926- II. Fellmann, Jerome Donald, 1926- Human Geography. GF41.H93 2010 304.2—dc22 2009020312 www.mhhe.com Brief Contents Part Four 1 Introduction: Some Background Basics 1 Part One Landscapes of Functional Organization 339 Themes and Fundamentals 11 Urban Systems and Urban Structures 339 of Human Geography 30 12 The Political Ordering of Space 383 2 Roots and Meaning of Culture: Introduction 30 Part Five 3 Spatial Interaction and Spatial Behavior 57 4 Population: World Patterns, Regional Trends 88 Human Actions and Environmental Part Two Impacts 419 Patterns of Diversity and Unity 122 13 Human Impacts on Natural Systems 419 5 Language and Religion: Mosaics of Culture 122 6 Ethnic Geography: Threads of Diversity 164 APPENDICES 7 Folk and Popular Culture: Diversity A: Map Projections 453 and Uniformity 200 B: 2008 World Population Data 461 Part Three C: Canada, Mexico and United States reference map 468 Dynamic Patterns of the Space Glossary 469 Credits 481 Economy 233 Index 483 8 Livelihood and Economy: Primary Activities 233 9 Livelihood and Economy: From Blue Collar to Gold Collar 272 10 Patterns of Development and Change 307 iii Contents Part One List of Boxes viii Bases for Interaction 58 Preface ix A Summarizing Model 58 Measuring Interaction 60 One THEMES AND Human Spatial Behavior 63 Individual Activity Space 63 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN The Tyranny of Time 64 INTRODUCTION: Distance and Human Interaction 65 GEOGRAPHY 30 SOME BACKGROUND BASICS 1 Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information 68 Key Concepts 1 Two Information and Perception 70 Getting Started 2 Migration 73 What Is Geography? 2 ROOTS AND MEANING Principal Migration Patterns 74 Evolution of the Discipline 2 OF CULTURE: INTRODUCTION 30 Types of Migration 75 Geography and Human Controls on Migration 77 Geography 4 Key Concepts 30 Globalization 85 Human Geography 5 Components of Culture 32 Background Basics 5 Interaction of People Summary 86 Core Geographic Concepts 5 and Environment 34 Key Words 86 Location, Direction, Environments as Controls 34 For Review 86 and Distance 6 Human Impacts 35 Key Concepts Review 87 Size and Scale 10 Roots of Culture 37 Physical and Cultural Attributes 11 Seeds of Change 39 Four The Changing Attributes Agricultural Origins and Spread 40 of Place 11 Neolithic Innovations 42 Interrelations between Places 13 Culture Hearths 44 POPULATION: WORLD PATTERNS, The Structured Content of Place 14 The Structure of Culture 46 REGIONAL TRENDS 88 Culture Change 49 Place Similarity and Regions 15 Key Concepts 88 Innovation 49 Maps 16 Population Growth 89 Diffusion 50 Map Scale 18 Some Population Definitions 91 Acculturation and Cultural The Globe Grid 18 Birth Rates 91 Modification 52 How Maps Show Data 19 Fertility Rates 92 Contact between Regions 53 Contemporary Geospatial Death Rates 96 Technologies 22 Summary 55 Population Pyramids 98 Remote Sensing 22 Key Words 56 Natural Increase and Doubling Geographic Information For Review 56 Times 101 Systems (GIS) 23 Key Concepts Review 56 The Demographic Transition 102 Mental Maps 25 The Western Experience 104 Systems, Maps, and Models 25 Three A Divided World Converging 105 The Structure of This Book 27 The Demographic Equation 107 Population Relocation 109 Summary 27 SPATIAL INTERACTION Immigration Impacts 109 Key Words 28 AND SPATIAL BEHAVIOR 57 For Review 28 World Population Distribution 110 Key Concepts Review 28 Key Concepts 57 Population Density 112 iv Overpopulation 112 Buddhism 156 Anglo American Hearths 203 Urbanization 114 East Asian Ethnic Religions 158 Folk Building Traditions Population Data and Projections 115 Change and Diversity in the and Hearths 205 Geography of Religion 159 Population Data 115 Architectural Diffusions 210 Population Projections 116 Summary 161 Nonmaterial Folk Culture 211 Population Controls 116 Key Words 162 Folk Food and Drink Population Prospects 118 For Review 162 Preferences 212 Folk Music 213 Momentum 118 Key Concepts Review 163 The Oral Folk Tradition 215 Aging 119 Folk Cultural Regions of Eastern Summary 120 Six United States 215 Key Words 120 The Passing of Folk Cultural For Review 120 Regionalism 217 ETHNIC GEOGRAPHY: Key Concepts Review 121 THREADS OF DIVERSITY 164 Patterns of Popular Culture 217 National Uniformities Key Concepts 164 Part Two and Globalization 218 Ethnic Diversity and Separatism 166 Our Material Culture Focus 221 Immigration Streams 168 The Shopping Mall 221 Acculturation and Assimilation 171 Outside the Mall 222 PATTERNS OF DIVERSITY Areal Expressions of Ethnicity 173 Regional Differences 222 Charter Cultures 174 AND UNITY 122 Drink and Music 225 Ethnic Clusters 176 Vernacular Regions 229 Black Dispersions 178 Five Hispanic Concentrations 180 Summary 230 Asian Contrasts 182 Key Words 231 Immigrant Gateways For Review 231 LANGUAGE AND RELIGION: and Clusters 183 Key Concepts Review 231 MOSAICS OF CULTURE 122 French Uniformity 183 Urban Ethnic Diversity Key Concepts 122 Part Three and Segregation 184 The Geography of Language 123 External Controls 186 Classification of Languages 124 Internal Controls 187 World Pattern of Languages 127 Shifting Ethnic Concentrations 187 DYNAMIC PATTERNS Language Spread 127 Typologies and Spatial Results 189 Language Change 128 OF THE SPACE ECONOMY 233 Native-Born Dispersals 190 The Story of English 131 Cultural Transfer 191 Standard and Variant Languages 131 Eight The Ethnic Landscape 193 Standard Language 131 Land Survey 193 Dialects 133 Settlement Patterns 195 LIVELIHOOD AND ECONOMY: Pidgins and Creoles 135 Ethnic Regionalism 196 PRIMARY ACTIVITIES 233 Lingua Franca 137 Official Languages 137 Summary 198 Key Concepts 233 Language, Territoriality, and Cultural Key Words 198 The Classification of Economic Activity Identity 139 For Review 198 and Economies 234 Language on the Landscape: Key Concepts Review 199 Categories of Activity 234 Toponymy 142 Types of Economic Systems 236 Religion and Culture 143 Seven Primary Activities: Agriculture 238 Patterns of Religion 143 Subsistence Agriculture 238 Classification of Religion 144 Commercial Agriculture 247 FOLK AND POPULAR Patterns and Flows 145 Primary Activities: Resource CULTURE: The World Pattern 145 Exploitation 257 DIVERSITY The Principal Religions 147 Resource Terminology 257 AND UNIFORMITY 200 Judaism 147 Fishing 258 Christianity 148 Key Concepts 200 Forestry 260 Islam 151 Folk Cultural Diversity Mining and Quarrying 262 Hinduism 155 and Regionalism 202 Trade in Primary Products 267 Contents v Summary 269 The Complex of Development 317 Inside the City 354 Key Words 270 Gross National Income and PPP Defining the City Today 354 For Review 270 per Capita 318 Patterns of Urban Land Use 355 Energy Consumption per Capita 319 Key Concepts Review 270 Social Areas of Cities 359 Percentage of the Workforce Engaged Social Status 360 in Agriculture 320 Nine Poverty, Calories, and Nutrition 322 Family Status 360 Ethnicity 360 Composite Assessment of Economic Development 322 Institutional Controls 362 LIVELIHOOD AND ECONOMY: A Model for Economic Changes in Urban Form 362 FROM BLUE COLLAR TO GOLD Development 323 Suburbanization 363 COLLAR 272 Noneconomic Measures Decline of the Central City 365 Key Concepts 272 of Development 326 Central City Renewal Education 326 and Gentrification 366 Components of the Space Economy 274 Public Services 327 World Urban Diversity 369 Concepts and Controls 274 Health 328 The West European City 369 Secondary Activities: Manufacturing 275 Aggregate Measures of Development Eastern European Cities 371 L ocational Decisions in Manufacturing 275 and Well-Being 330 Rapidly Growing Cities of the Developing Transportation and Location 279 The Role of Women 332 World 371 Industrial Location Theories 280 Urban Primacy and Rapid Growth 374 Other Locational Considerations Summary 337 and Controls 282 Summary 380 Key Words 337 Transnational Corporations 288 Key Words 381 For Review 337 World Manufacturing Patterns For Review 381 Key Concepts Review 338 and Trends 288 Key Concepts Review 381 Anglo America 290 Western and Central Europe 292 Part Four Eastern Europe 293 Twelve Eastern Asia 294 High-Tech Patterns 296 LANDSCAPES THE POLITICAL ORDERING Tertiary and Beyond 298 OF FUNCTIONAL OF SPACE 383 Tertiary Services 299 Quaternary and Quinary Activites 301 Key Concepts 383 ORGANIZATION 339 S ervices in World Trade 301 National Political Systems 385 States, Nations, and Nation-States 385 Summary 304 Eleven The Evolution of the Modern State 386 Key Words 304 Challenges to the State 389 For Review 305 Geographic Characteristics of States 389 Key Concepts Review 305 URBAN SYSTEMS AND URBAN Boundaries: The Limits of the State 394 STRUCTURES 339 Centripetal Forces: Promoting State Ten Key Concepts 339 Cohesion 397 Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State An Urbanizing World 340 Authority 399 Megacities and Merging PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Metropolises 341 Cooperation among States 403 AND CHANGE 307 Settlement Roots 342 Supranationalism 404 The United Nations Key Concepts 307 Origins and Evolution of Cities 344 and Its Agencies 404 Development as a Cultural The Nature of Cities 345 Regional Alliances 407 Variable 308 The Location of Urban Settlements 346 Local and Regional Political Dividing the Continuum: Definitions The Economic Base 346 Organization 410 of Development 309 The Geography of Representation: Explanations of The Functions of Cities 348 The Districting Problem 410 Underdevelopment 311 Cities as Central Places 349 The Fragmentation of Political Power 412 The Core-Periphery Argument 312 Systems of Cities 351 Millennium Development Goals 313 The Urban Hierarchy 351 Summary 416 Economic Measures World Cities 352 Key Words 417 of Development 313 Rank-Size and Primacy 352 For Review 417 The Diffusion of Technology 316 Network Cities 353 Key Concepts Review 418 vi Contents Part Five Air Pollution and Acid Precipitation 426 Appendices The Trouble with Ozone 428 A: Map Projections 453 Land Use and Land Cover 431 B: 2008 World Population Data 461 Tropical Deforestation 431 HUMAN ACTIONS C: Canada, Mexico and United States Desertification 432 reference map 468 AND ENVIRONMENTAL Soil Erosion 435 Water Supply and Water Quality 437 IMPACTS 419 Patterns of Availability 438 Water Use and Abuse 439 Glossary 469 Thirteen Garbage Heaps and Toxic Wastes 440 Credits 481 Solid Wastes and Rubbish 443 HUMAN IMPACTS ON NATURAL Toxic Wastes 446 Index 483 SYSTEMS 419 Exporting Waste 447 Prospects and Perspectives 448 Key Concepts 419 Physical Environments and Cultural Summary 450 Impacts 420 Key Words 450 Climates, Biomes, and Change 421 For Review 451 Global Climate Change 423 Key Concepts Review 451 Contents vii List of Boxes Chapter 1 • The American Empire of Song, 214 • Birds of a Feather . . . or Lifestyle Segmentation, 225 • Roger’s Book, 4 • Hip-Hop Undergoes Globalization and Glocalization, 228 • Careers in Geography, 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 2 • Swidden Agriculture, 242 • Chaco Canyon Desolation, 36 • The Economy of a Chinese Village, 244 • Is Geography Destiny? 43 • Women and the Green Revolution, 248 • Social Collapse, 45 • Geography and Public Policy: Public Land, Private Profit, 264 • Documenting Diffusion, 52 Chapter 9 • A Homemade Culture, 54 • A Comparison of Transport Media, 279 Chapter 3 • Geography and Public Policy: Contests and Bribery, 287 • Space, Time, and Women, 66 Chapter 10 • Geography and Public Policy: Broken Borders, 80 • Gender and Migration, 84 • Poverty and Development, 315 • Relative Characteristics of Development, 317 Chapter 4 • The Energy Crisis in Less Developed Countries, 320 • Geography and Public Policy: Does Foreign Aid Help? 324–325 • China’s Way—and Others, 93 • Measuring Happiness, 331 • A Population Implosion? 95 • Empowering Women Financially, 335 • The Risks of Motherhood, 97 • Millions of Women Are Missing, 100 Chapter 11 • Our Delicate State of Health, 106 • Central Place Theory, 350 • Geography and Public Policy: The Cairo Plan, 108 • The Gated Community, 361 Chapter 5 • Women in the City, 366 • Geography and Public Policy: The Homeless, 368 • Language Exchange, 132 • The Canadian City, 372 • World Englishes, 135 • Geography and Public Policy: An Official U.S. Language? 140 Chapter 12 • Militant Fundamentalism, 146 • The Ministates, 390 Chapter 6 • Legislative Women, 400 • Terrorism and Political Geography, 402 • The Matter of Race, 168 • Specks and Spoils, 407 • Geography and Public Policy: Nations of Immigrants, 169 • Geography and Public Policy: Voting Rights and Race, 414 • The Rising Tide of Nationalism, 175 Chapter 13 • The Caribbean Map in London, 186 • Colonies of Immigrants, 188 • Earth’s Changing Climates, 422 • Depleting the Ozone Layer, 430 Chapter 7 • Dam Trouble in the Tropics, 433 • Vanished American Roots, 204 • A World of Water Woes, 441 • Log Cabin Myths and Facts, 209 • Geography and Public Policy: Environmental Justice, 448 viii Preface T his eleventh edition of H uman Geography retains the organiza- landscape to make clear to students the relevance of the earlier- tion and structure of its earlier versions. Like them, it seeks to studied human geographic concepts and patterns to matters of introduce its users to the scope and excitement of geography and current national and world environmental concern. its relevance to their daily lives and roles as informed citizens. We Among those concepts is the centrality of gender issues that recognize that for many students, human geography may be their underlie all facets of human geographic inquiry. Because they are first or only work in geography and this their first or only text- so pervasive and significant, we felt it unwise to relegate their book in the discipline. For these students particularly, we seek to consideration to a single separate chapter, thus artificially isolat- convey the richness and breadth of human geography and to give ing women and women’s concerns from all the topics of human insight into the nature and intellectual challenges of the field of geography for which gender distinctions and interests are relevant. geography itself. Our goals are to be inclusive in content, current Instead, we have incorporated significant gender/female issues in data, and relevant in interpretations. These goals are elusive. within the several chapters where those issues apply—either Because of the time lapse between world events and the publica- within the running text of the chapter or, very often, highlighted in tion of a book, inevitably events outpace analysis. We therefore boxed discussions. depend on a continuing partnership with classroom instructors to We hope by means of these chapter clusters and sequence provide the currency of information and the interpretation of new to convey to students the logic and integration we recognize in patterns of human geographic substance that changing conditions the broad field of human geography. We realize that our sense of demand. organization and continuity is not necessarily that of instructors using this text and have designed each chapter to be reasonably self-contained, able to be assigned in any sequence that satisfies the arrangement preferred by the instructor. Organization The text can easily be read in a one-semester or one-quarter course. New to This Edition The emphasis on human geographic current events and interpre- tations builds on our initial obligation to set the stage in Chap- ter 1 by briefly introducing students to the scope, methods, and We are pleased to welcome Mark Bjelland to the author team, background basics of geography as a discipline and to the tools— beginning with the eleventh edition. Dr. Bjelland brings research especially maps—that all geographers employ. It is supplemented experience in urban and economic geography to enrich these by Appendix A giving a more detailed treatment of map projec- important topics in human geography. For a complete biography, tions than is appropriate in a general introductory chapter. Both see page xvii. are designed to be helpful, with content supportive of, not essen- Although the text’s established framework of presentation has tial to, the later chapters of the text. been retained in this eleventh edition, every chapter contains at T he arrangement of those chapters reflects our own sense least brief text additions or modifications to reflect current data, of logic and teaching experiences. The chapters are unevenly and many chapters contain new or revised illustrations, maps, and divided among five parts. Those of Part One, “Themes and Fun- photos. damentals,” examine the basis of culture, culture change, and The eleventh edition contains many new and updated topics, cultural regionalism, review the concepts of spatial interaction including the following: and spatial behavior, and consider population structures, patterns, New Maps and change. Parts Two through Four (Chapters 5 through 12) dis- cuss the landscapes of cultural distinction and social organiza- Many new and updated maps have been introduced to the eleventh tion resulting from human occupance of the earth. These include edition of Human Geography: linguistic, religious, ethnic, folk, and popular differentiation of peoples and societies, and the economic, urban, and political • Two new maps that use the city of New Orleans to illustrate organization of space. Chapter 13—Part Five—draws together in the concepts of site and situation sharper focus selected aspects of the human impact on the natural • Perceptual regions of North America ix • Global centers of high technology innovation • New discussion and three illustrative photos on the revival of • Classification map of world cities based on international busi- traditional building styles ness services • Brownfields, deindustrialization and urban revitalization dis- • Map showing geographic shifts in the apportionment of the cussion added to link economic geography and urban geogra- United States House of Representatives phy sections • Additional background information added on the role of the Updated Boxes International Monetary Fund and World Bank • New Latin American City Model The boxed elements in the text have been updated or replaced with • More in-depth information on past and ongoing border dis- new discussion texts. putes • New Geography and Public Policy box “Broken Borders” in • Introduction of the IPAT equation as a way to integrate human Chapter 3 geography topics of population and economic geography into • New box titled “Hip Hop Undergoes Globalization and Glo- a consideration of environmental impacts; also, a new dis- calization” added in Chapter 7 cussion has been added on how the scale of environmental • Revision and updates made to the “Voting Rights and Race” impacts shifts with rising standards of living box now include discussion on the outcomes of recent court • Revised discussion of global climate change, offering con- challenges to majority minority districts and the shape of the crete examples of ways individuals and communities have revised districts reduced their environmental impact • New box titled “Environmental Justice” added in Chapter 13 New/Revised Topics The Art of Human Geography • Expanded discussion of the geography of religion with addi- tional information on secularization, religious change and M any of the world maps have been put on a Robinson projection, diversity, and religious landscapes which permits some exaggeration of size in the high latitudes in order to improve the shapes of landmasses. Size and shape are • Revised material on race and ethnicity reflect new scholar- most accurate in the temperature and tropical zones. The color pal- ship, including a complete revision of the “Matter of Race” ette for the maps was specifically chosen to accommodate most box colorblind readers. • Updated data for race and Hispanics in the United States 8800°° 6600°° ° 4400°° 2200°° PPPeeerrrsssooonnnsss pppeeerrr PPPeeerrrsssooonnnsss pppeeerrr sssqqquuuaaarrreee mmmiiillleee sssqqquuuaaarrreee kkkiiilllooommmeeettteeerrr 00°° 555000000 ooorrr mmmooorrreee 222000000 ooorrr mmmooorrreee 111222555–––555000000 555000–––222000000 222555–––111222555 111000–––555000 2200°° 222–––222555 222–––111000 111–––222 111–––222 SSSpppaaarrrssseeelllyyy SSSpppaaarrrssseeelllyyy pppooopppuuulllaaattteeeddd pppooopppuuulllaaattteeeddd 4400°° UUUrrrbbbaaannniiizzzeeeddd aaarrreeeaaa ooofff mmmooorrreee ttthhhaaannn 111,,,000000000,,,000000000,,,000000000 1668000°°° 116600°° 114400°° 112200°° 110000°° 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 8800°° 110000°° 112200°° 114400°° 116600°° 180° x Preface
The list of books you might like
