Table Of Content

December 1998 — Human Factors Index to Human Factors — Volume 40 TABLE OF CONTENTS Levels of Expertise and Instructional Design, Slava Kalyuga, Paul Chandler, and John Sweller. Effects of Text Structure and Prior Knowledge of the Learner on Navigation in Hypertext, Sharon McDonald and Rosemary J. Stevenson Guidelines for Presenting Quantitative Data in HFES Publications, Douglas J. Gillan, Christopher D. Wickens, J. G. Hollands, and C. Melody Carswell Binocular Virtual Reality Displays: When Problems Do and Don’t Occur, Mark Mon-Williams and John P. Wann Sound Localization: Information Theory Analysis, John S. Wallace and Donald L. Fisher An Index of Dynamic Density, Kip Smith, Stephen F. Scallen, William Knecht, and Peter A. Hancock Monitoring Working Memory Load during Computer-Based Tasks with EEG Pattern Recognition Methods, Alan Gevins, Michael E. Smith, Harrison Leong, Linda McEvoy, Susan Whitfield, Robert Du, and Georgia Rush The Impact of Cross-Training and Workload on Team Functioning: A Replication and Extension of Initial Findings, Janis A. Cannon-Bowers, Eduardo Salas, Elizabeth Blickensderfer, and EET Sins oro B acy ec ss auxin asad bac gas E SUSI SS IIT OSTA DLE IDES ca a eae ieo e Effects of Signal Probability on Individual Differences in Vigilance, Laura L. Methot and Bradley E. Huitema Functional Limitations to Daily Living Tasks in the Aged: A Focus Group Analysis, Wendy A Rogers, Beth Meyer, Neff Walker, and Arthur D. Fisk Automobile Seat Belts: Usage Patterns in Automatic Belt Systems, Richard A. Schmidt, Douglas EV OURE AND PROMGAS F. OVTES coos, <iocbio apiere 6 lat lasat ae: cialw ee We we EE ae Rid iad enaee mS ara Cra a Driver Stress and Performance on a Driving Simulator, Gerald Matthews, Lisa Dorn, Thomas W. Hoyes, D. Roy Davies, A. lan Glendon, and Ray G. Taylor Work Schedule and Task Factors in Upper-Extremity Fatigue, Roger R. Rosa, Michael H. Bonnet, and Libby L. Cole Trunk Muscle Use during Pulling Tasks: Effects of a Lifting Belt and Footing Conditions, Steven A. Lavender, Sung-Hsiung Chen, Yi-Chun Li, and Gunnar B. J. Andersson Comprehension of Pictorial Symbols: Effects of Context and Test Method, Jennifer Snow Wolff and Michael S. Wogalter Cognitive Factors in the Close Visual and Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welds Underwater, POEL COLE DCIS. HL OVIIS S55 66 GIS6 ike BOCES SH RAK PsyD Ach Sew ORAS Fos Continuous Haptic Information in Target Tracking from a Moving Platform, J. E. Korteling and M. L. van Emmerik Navigational Checking Using 3D Maps: The Influence of Elevation Angle, Azimuth, and Foreshortening, Brian T. Schreiber, Christopher D. Wickens, Goetz J. Renner, Jeffrey D. Alton, PPE HOST GUAR MUON os ois zhx Rive oD 5g AOE RIO OTe Some ED FeB iottan a eee Ser at nee Vision and Driving: Selective Effect of Optical Blur on Different Driving Tasks,K ent E. Higgins, Joanne Wood, and Alan Tait Effects of Sleep Deprivation and User Interface on Complex Performance: A Multilevel Analysis of Compensatory Control, G. Robert J. Hockey, David G. Wastell, and Jiirgen Sauer Use of the Critical Decision Method to Elicit Expert Knowledge: A Case Study in the Methodology of Cognitive Task Analysis, Robert R. Hoffman, Beth Crandall, and Nigel Shadbolt A Quantitative Measure for Degree of Automation and Its Relation to System Performance and Mental Load, Zhi-Gang Wei, Anil P. Macwan, and Peter A. Wieringa December 1998 — Human Factors Index to Human Factors — Volume 40 TABLE OF CONTENTS Levels of Expertise and Instructional Design, Slava Kalyuga, Paul Chandler, and John Sweller. Effects of Text Structure and Prior Knowledge of the Learner on Navigation in Hypertext, Sharon McDonald and Rosemary J. Stevenson Guidelines for Presenting Quantitative Data in HFES Publications, Douglas J. Gillan, Christopher D. Wickens, J. G. Hollands, and C. Melody Carswell Binocular Virtual Reality Displays: When Problems Do and Don’t Occur, Mark Mon-Williams and John P. Wann Sound Localization: Information Theory Analysis, John S. Wallace and Donald L. Fisher An Index of Dynamic Density, Kip Smith, Stephen F. Scallen, William Knecht, and Peter A. Hancock Monitoring Working Memory Load during Computer-Based Tasks with EEG Pattern Recognition Methods, Alan Gevins, Michael E. Smith, Harrison Leong, Linda McEvoy, Susan Whitfield, Robert Du, and Georgia Rush The Impact of Cross-Training and Workload on Team Functioning: A Replication and Extension of Initial Findings, Janis A. Cannon-Bowers, Eduardo Salas, Elizabeth Blickensderfer, and EET Sins oro B acy ec ss auxin asad bac gas E SUSI SS IIT OSTA DLE IDES ca a eae ieo e Effects of Signal Probability on Individual Differences in Vigilance, Laura L. Methot and Bradley E. Huitema Functional Limitations to Daily Living Tasks in the Aged: A Focus Group Analysis, Wendy A Rogers, Beth Meyer, Neff Walker, and Arthur D. Fisk Automobile Seat Belts: Usage Patterns in Automatic Belt Systems, Richard A. Schmidt, Douglas EV OURE AND PROMGAS F. OVTES coos, <iocbio apiere 6 lat lasat ae: cialw ee We we EE ae Rid iad enaee mS ara Cra a Driver Stress and Performance on a Driving Simulator, Gerald Matthews, Lisa Dorn, Thomas W. Hoyes, D. Roy Davies, A. lan Glendon, and Ray G. Taylor Work Schedule and Task Factors in Upper-Extremity Fatigue, Roger R. Rosa, Michael H. Bonnet, and Libby L. Cole Trunk Muscle Use during Pulling Tasks: Effects of a Lifting Belt and Footing Conditions, Steven A. Lavender, Sung-Hsiung Chen, Yi-Chun Li, and Gunnar B. J. Andersson Comprehension of Pictorial Symbols: Effects of Context and Test Method, Jennifer Snow Wolff and Michael S. Wogalter Cognitive Factors in the Close Visual and Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welds Underwater, POEL COLE DCIS. HL OVIIS S55 66 GIS6 ike BOCES SH RAK PsyD Ach Sew ORAS Fos Continuous Haptic Information in Target Tracking from a Moving Platform, J. E. Korteling and M. L. van Emmerik Navigational Checking Using 3D Maps: The Influence of Elevation Angle, Azimuth, and Foreshortening, Brian T. Schreiber, Christopher D. Wickens, Goetz J. Renner, Jeffrey D. Alton, PPE HOST GUAR MUON os ois zhx Rive oD 5g AOE RIO OTe Some ED FeB iottan a eee Ser at nee Vision and Driving: Selective Effect of Optical Blur on Different Driving Tasks,K ent E. Higgins, Joanne Wood, and Alan Tait Effects of Sleep Deprivation and User Interface on Complex Performance: A Multilevel Analysis of Compensatory Control, G. Robert J. Hockey, David G. Wastell, and Jiirgen Sauer Use of the Critical Decision Method to Elicit Expert Knowledge: A Case Study in the Methodology of Cognitive Task Analysis, Robert R. Hoffman, Beth Crandall, and Nigel Shadbolt A Quantitative Measure for Degree of Automation and Its Relation to System Performance and Mental Load, Zhi-Gang Wei, Anil P. Macwan, and Peter A. Wieringa INDEX Effects of Practice and Learner Control on Short- and Long-Term Gain and Efficiency, Valerie J. Shute, Lisa A. Gawlick, and Kevin A. Gluck Principles of Educational Multimedia User Interface Design, Lawrence J. Najjar Effects of a Split Keyboard Design and Wrist Rest on Performance, Posture, and Comfort, Michael J. Smith, Ben-Tzion Karsh, Frank T. Conway, William J. Cohen, Craig A. James, Jay J. Morgan, Katherine Sanders, and David J. Zehel Workplace Changes Associated with a Reduction in Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Office Workers, Nancy A. Nelson and Barbara A. Silverstein Special Section Preface: Virtual Environments: Models, Methodology, and Empirical Studies, Woodrow: Dares dite Nouert C.. WUNCES: 6 eo: Sie a Oa BRR RODE ME wea BR eH RLS EES Telepresence, John V. Draper, David B. Kaber, and John M. Usher Ocular Vergence Measurement in Projected and Collimated Simulator Displays, Paul Morahan, James W. Meehan, John Patterson, and Philip K. Hughes Empirical Models Based on Free-Modulus Magnitude Estimation of Perceived Presence in Virtual Environments, Michael P. Snow and Robert C. Williges .....0.. ccc. ccc. ce.ce 0ee.e e ee Effects of Variation in System Responsiveness on User Performance in Virtual Environments, Benjamin Watson, Neff Walker, William Ribarsky, and Victoria Spaulding Localization of Virtual Objects in the Near Visual Field, Stephen R. Ellis and Brian M. Menges .. Manipulation Performance in Interactive Virtual Environments, Peter J. Werkhoven and Joris Groen. . . Frame of Reference Effects on Scientific Visualization Subtasks, Edward P. McCormick, Christopher D. Wickens, Rachel Banks, and Michelle Yeh Effects of Localized Auditory Information on Visual Target Detection Performance Using a Helmet-Mounted Display, W. Todd Nelson, Lawrence J. Hettinger, James A. Cunningham, Bart J. Brickman, Michael W. Haas, and Richard L. McKinley Aurally and Visually Guided Visual Search in a Virtual Environment, Patrick Flanagan, Ken I. McAnally, Russell L. Martin, James W. Meehan, and Simon R. Oldfield The Influence of Body Movement on Subjective Presence in Virtual Environments, Mel Slater, Anthony Steed, John McCarthy, and Francesco Maringelli Nonvisually Guided Locomotion to a Previously Viewed Target in Real and Virtual Environments, Bob G. Witmer and Wallace J. Sadowski, Jr... 0. eee Contributions of Proprioception to Navigation in Virtual Environments, Stuart C. Grant and Lochlan E. Magee Evidence from a Partial Report Task for Forgetting in Dynamic Spatial Memory, Leo Gugerty ... The Relationship between Low Back Discomfort Ratings and the NIOSH Lifting Index, Mao-Jiun J. Wang, Arun Garg, Yu-Cheng Chang, Yuh-Chuan Shih, Wen-Yu Yeh, and Cheng-Lung Lee. . . Measuring Skill Acquisition and Retention with an ATM Simulator: The Need for Age-Specific Training, Sherry Mead and Arthur D. Fisk Observation versus Hands-on Practice of Complex Skills in Dyadic, Triadic, and Tetradic Training Teams, Wayne L. Shebilske, Jeffrey A. Jordan, Barry P. Goettl, and Leigh E. Paulus......... The Effect of Automated Compensation for Incongruent Axes on Teleoperator Performance, Jose A. Macedo, David B. Kaber, Mica R. Endsley, Preecha Powanusorn, and Seonwan Myung ... Effects of Display Resolution on Visual Performance, Martina Ziefle Effectiveness of Menu Orientation in Chinese, Heloisa Martins Shih and Ravindra S. Goonetilleke A Comparison of Seven Visual Fatigue Assessment Techniques in Three Data-Acquisition VDT Tasks, Chia-Fen Chi and Fang-Tsan Lin Context Effects in Subjective Mental Workload Ratings, Herbert A. Colle and Gary B. Reid Measures and Interpretations of Vigilance Performance: Evidence against the Detection Criterion, J. D. Balakrishnan Evaluation of Supermarket Bagging Using a Wrist Motion Monitor, Cheryl Fairfield Estill and K. H. E. Kroemer Three-Dimensional Workspace for Industrial Workstations, Biman Das and Devendra N. Behara. . How Automatic Is Manual Gear Shifting?, David Shinar, Meir Meir, and Israel Ben-Shoham ... . Individual Differences in Accident Liability: A Review and Integrative Approach, Rebecca Lawton and Dianne Parker 690 December 1998 — Human Factors Analyzing Communication Sequences for Team Training Needs Assessment, Clint A. Bowers, Florian Jentsch, Eduardo Salas, and Curt C. Braun Exploring Sequential Data: Commentary on Bowers, Jentsch, Salas, and Braun (1998), Penelope M. Sanderson and Peter J. Benda On Learning to Play with Other Kids’ Toys: A Response to Sanderson and Benda, Clint A. BOWLTS: PIOTIGN FENISCH SANE ELUATAO SSOLON 655)5 5 5.s akes eyes( opd oee Dia nle go Ba a Sok aA 685 SUBJECT INDEX 12-hour shifts 150 Cross-training 3D CRT maps Cultural interfaces workspace Cumulative trauma disorders Accident Degree of automation liability Design proneness display Accommodation power guidelines Active controls instructional Activities of daily living Detection criterion Addressability Digital filtering Aging H11,§ Disorientation Aircrews 680, Display Alternative keyboards design Angular disparity resolution Anthropometric modeling Displays Auditory localization collimated Auditory warning systems head-mounted Augmented reality projected Automatic see-through visual and controlled processing 647 stereoscopic shoulder belt 126 Distance judgments teller machines 516 Diving Automation , 4] commercial degree of 277 Driver behavior Azimuth angle 209 Driving Back support 159 and attention Back symptoms 337 gear shifting Bagging 624 performance Binocular vision 2,415 sign detection in Biomechanics 624 Dynamic Body movement 469 density Carpal tunnel syndrome 624 spatial memory Cashiers 624 Educational multimedia Checking 209 EEG Chinese interfaces 569 Effort Choice reaction time 50 Electrooculography Close visual inspection 187 Elevation angle Cognition l EMG Cognitive task analysis 254 Empirical models Collimated displays 376 EOG Commercial diving 187 Expertise Communication patterns , 680 Exploratory Sequential Data Analysis Completion times 432 Eye movement Complex Focus groups skill 525 Foreshortening tasks 233 Frames of reference Comprehension 173 Free flight Computer-aided work 415 Gear shifting Context 173 Graphics Critical Grocery stores decision method Group embedded figures test fusion frequency Hand symptoms 692_ December 1998 — Human Factors Haptic Ocular vergence 376 displays 198 Office work environment Saif feedback 198 Older adults and aging 111 Head-mounted displays , 452 Partial report 498 Hick-Hyman law 50 Perception 187 Human-computer interaction 79 Performance 680 Human error 655 manipulation 432 Hypertext 18 psychomotor 136 Icons 173 Physical workload 150 Image compression 209 Pictograms 173 Immersion 469 Pictures i3 Individual differences 655 Positioning accuracy 432 Industrial workstation 633 Practice effects 296 Information Presence 354, 386, 469 content 50 Prior knowledge 18 theory 50 Process control 233 Instructional design l Projected displays 376 Interactive techniques 469 Proprioception 489 Keyboard(s) Proximal vergence 415 alternative 324 Psychomotor performance 136 evaluation 324 Pulling 159 Knowledge elicitation 254 Reach envelope 633 Learner control 296 Redundancy effect | Learning 311 Response bias 601 efficiency 296 Restraint systems 126 Lifting belt 159 Retail workers 624 Linguistic interfaces 569 Retention 516 Long-term gain 296 Revised lifting guide 509 Low-back disorders 509 Robotics 354 Magnetic particle inspection 187 Safety 173 Magnitude estimation 386 Scientific visualization 443 Manipulation performance 432 Search time 46] Manual Seat belt 126 assembly 150 See-through visual display 415 lap belt 126 Sequential materials handling 509 data analysis 672, 680, 685 tracking 198 experimentation 386 Measurement 69 Shift work 150 Mental 12-hour shifts 150 load 277 Short-term gain 296 rotation 209 Sign detection in driving 647 workload Pe Signal Menu detection theory 601 flow 569 probability 102 orientation 569 Simulator 376 Mood 136 Situation awareness 498 Multimedia Si] Sleep deprivation 233 NASA TLX ratings 591 Slips 159 Navigation , 489 Sound localization 50 Navigational checking 209 Split-attention effect l Neural networks 79 Stereoscopic Neurophysiological signals 79 displays 478 New technology 516 vision 415 NIOSH 509 Stress 136 Non-visually guided locomotion 478 Supervisory control 277 Observational learning aan Sustained attention 102 INDEX 693 SWAT ratings Violations 655 Symbols Virtual Synthetic environments environment 386, 403, 32, 443, System 452, 469, 478 evaluation objects 415 latency reality 42, 354, 386, 443, 469, 489 responsiveness Vision 224 Team binocular 42, 415 communications stereoscopic 415 performance Visual training acuity 224 Teams displays, see-through 415 Teamwork fatigue pee Telecommunication localization 461 Teleoperation search 452 Telepresence stress 42 Telerobotics Visual-motor misalignment Test Warning Training LIT; 516,525 systems, auditory needs analysis vehicle collision avoidance Unmanned platforms Work-related musculoskeletal disorders Usage rates Working memory User interface Workload design physical ehicle collision avoidance warning Wrist motion monitors Vigilance Wrist rest evaluation decrement December 1998 — Human Factors AUTHOR INDEX Alton, J. D. 209 Higgins, K. E. Andersson, G. B. J. 159 Hockey, G. R. J. Ayres, T. J. 126 Hoffman, R. R. Balakrishnan, J. D. 601 Hollands, J. G. Banks, R. 443 Hoyes, T. W. Barfield, W. 351 Hughes, P. K. Behara, D. N. 633 Huitema, B. E. Ben-Shoham, I. 647 James, C. A. Benda, P. J. 680 Jentsch, F. Blickensderfer, E. 92 Jordan, J. A. Bonnet, M. H. 150 Kaber, D. B. Bowers, C. A. 685 Kalyuga, S. Braun, C. C. 672 Karsh, B.-T. Brickman, B. J. 452 Knecht, W. Cannon-Bowers, J. A. 92 Korteling, J. E. Carswell, C. M. 28 Kroemer, K. H. E. Chandler, P. | Lavender, S. A. Chang, Y.-C. 509 Lawton, R. Chen, S.-H. 159 Leach, J. Chi, C.-F. a7 heer€ =k. Cohen, W. J. 324 Leong, H. Cole. L: 150 Ei Y¥:-€, Colle, H. A. 591 Lin, F.-T. Conway, F. T. 324 Macedo, J. A. Crandall, B. 254 Macwan, A. P. Cunningham, J. A. 452 Magee, L. E. Das, B. 633 Maringelli, F. Davies, D. R. 136 Martin, R. L. Dorn, L. 136 Matthews, G. Draper, J. V. 354 McAnally, K. I. Du, R. 79 McCarthy, J. Ellis, S. R. 415 McCormick, E. P. Emmerik, M. L. van 198 McDonald, S. Endsley, M. R. 541 McEvoy, L. Estill, C. F 624 McKinley, R. L. Fisher, D. L. 50 Mead, S. Fisk, A. D. : 16 Meehan, J. W. Flanagan, P. 461 Meir, M. Garg, A. 509 Menges, B. M. Gawlick, L. A. 296 Methot, L. L. Gevins, A. 79 Meyer, B. Gillan, D. J. 28 Mon-Williams, M. Glendon, A. I. 136 Morahan, P. Gluck, K. A. 296 Morgan, J. J. Goettl, B. P. 525 Morris, P. E. Goonetilleke, R. S. 569 Myung, S. Grant, S.C. 489 Najjar, L. J. Groen, J. 432 Nelson, N. A. Gugerty, L. 498 Nelson, W. T. Haas, M. W. 452 Oldfield, S. R. Hancock, P. A. 69 Parker, D. Hettinger, L. J. 452 Patterson, J. Hickox, J. C. 209 Paulus, L. E. INDEX Powanusorn, P. Steed, A. Reid, G. B. Stevenson, R. J. Renner, G. J. Sweller, J. Ribarksy, W. Tait, A. Rogers, W. A. Taylor, R. G. Rosa, R. R. Usher, J. M. Rush, G. Walker, N. Sadowski, W. J., Jr. Wallace, J. S. Salas, E. 92, 672, Wang, M.-J. J. Sanders, K. Wann, J. P. Sanderson, P. M. Wastell, D. G. Sauer, J. Watson, B. Scallen, S. F. Wei, Z.-G. Schmidt, R. A. Werkhoven, P. J. Schreiber, B. T. Whitfield, S. Shadbolt, N. Wickens, C. D. 28, 209, Shebilske, W. L. Wieringa, P. A. Shih, H. M. Williges, R. C. 351, 3 Shih, Y.-C. Witmer, B. G. Shinar, D. Wogalter, M. S. Shute, V. J. Wolff, J. S. Silverstein, B. A. Wood, J. Slater, M. Yeh, M. Smith, K. Yeh, W.-Y. Smith, M. E. Young, D. E. Smith, M. J. Zehel, D. J. Snow, M. P. Ziefle, M. Spaulding, V.