Human development report

2005·12.5 MB·Arabic

by  UNDP

Human Development
Report 2005
Internationalcooperationatacrossroads:
Aid,tradeandsecurityinanunequalworld
5
I
Human Development
Report 2005
Internationalcooperationatacrossroads
Aid,tradeandsecurityinanunequalworld
Publishedforthe
UnitedNations
Development
Programme
(UNDP)
Copyrighted
Copyright©2005
bytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
1UNPlaza,NewYork,NewYork,10017,USA
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedina
retrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorpermission.
ISBN0-19-530511-6
987654321
PrintedbyHoechstetterPrintingCo.onchlorine-freepaperwithvegetableInksand
producedbymeansofenvironmentallycompatibletechnology.
Coverandlayoutdesign:Grundy&NorthedgeInformationDesigners,London
Informationdesign:GeraldQuinn,QuinnInformationDesign,CabinJohn,Maryland
Technicalediting,layoutandproductionmanagement:CommunicationsDevelopment
Incorporated,Washington,D.C.
Editor:CharlotteDenny,Wellington,NewZealand
ForalistingofanyerrorsoromissionsinHDR2005foundsubsequenttoprinting,please
visitourwebsiteathttp://hdr.undp.org
Teamforthepreparationof
HumanDevelopmentReport2005
Directorandleadauthor
KevinWatkins
Research,writingandstatistics Statisticaladviser:TomGriffin
HaishanFu(ChiefofStatistics),Ricardo Editor:CharlotteDenny
Fuentes,ArunabhaGhosh,ChiaraGiamberar- ProductionManager:MartaJaksona
dini,ClaesJohansson,ChristopherKuonqui, Technicaleditingandproduction:
AndrésMontes,DavidStewart,CeciliaUgaz CommunicationsDevelopmentIncorporated
(SeniorPolicyAdvisor)andShahinYaqub. Coverandlayoutdesign:GrundyScNorthedge
InformationDesigners
Informationdesign:G.QuinnInformation
Design
TheHumanDevelopmentReportOffice(HDRO)
TheHumanDevelopmentReportistheproductofacollectiveeffort.MembersoftheNational
HumanDevelopmentReportUnit(NHDRU)providedetailedcommentsondraftsandadviceon
content.TheyalsolinktheReporttoaglobalresearchnetworkindevelopingcountries.TheNHDRU
tPeabalmoisMeljeidab,yMSaarrayhABnunrd-MSwhaanrgpsi(aDnedpTutiymoDtirheyctSocro)tta.nTdhceomHpDriRseOsSahdamirnmiisltaraKtuirvuekutleaasmurmiaykae,sJutahne
officefunctionandincludesOscarBernal,MamayeGebretsadikandMelissaHernandez.HDRO
operationsaremanagedbyYvesSassenrathwithAnaMariaCarvajal.HDRO’soutreachand
communicationsprogrammeismanagedbyMarisolSanjinesandNenaTerrell.
,
Foreword
Thisis,sadly,thelastHumanDevelopmentReportforwhichIwillwritethefore-
word,asIwillstepdownasUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)
AdministratorinAugust.WhenIarrivedatUNDPin1999,1saidthatthtHuman
DevelopmentReportwasthejewelinthecrownoftheorganization’sglobalintel-
lectualandadvocacyefforts.Sixyearsandsixreportslater,Icanreportwithsome
pridethatitslustrehasonlygrown.
Buildingonthepowerfulfoundationlaiddur- HumanDevelopmentReport2003draw-
HinugmtahenRDeepvoertl’ospmfiernsttdReecpaodret,swihnetrnodsuuccecedssainvde sipngonosnormeudcUhNofMtihleleeanrnlyiuwmorPkrojoefctt,helaUidNoDuPt-a
fleshedouttheconceptofhumandevelop- detailedplanofactionforhoweachGoalcould
ment,theReportshavegonefromstrengthto beachieved.Butevenassignificantprogresshas
strength.Fromexamininghowbesttomake beenmadeinmanycountriesandacrossseveral
npeeowplteecahlniokleotgoiehsigwholrikghftoirnrgicthhepecorpitliecaalnidmppooorr- Gisoanlese,deodv.erEaalrllpierrogtrheisssysetailrltfhaellsUsNhorStecorfetwahrayt-
tanceofstrengtheninghumanrightsanddeep- General’sownfive-yearreviewoftheMillen-
emnoisntgvdulenmeorcarblaec,ytthoepHruotmeactnaDnedveelmoppomweenrtRteh-e nreipuomrtDoefcltahreatUiNon,MdirlalweinnngiuhemavPirlojyeoctn,tlhaeidfionuatl
porthassteadilywidenedtheintellectualfron- abroadagendaforhowthiscanbeachievedby
tiersofhumandevelopmentinthenewmil- buildingonthe2001Monterreyconsensus.
lennium.Andthatshifthasbeenincreasingly Thecornerstoneofthathistoriccompactisa
mirroredindevelopmentpracticethrough commitmentbydevelopingcountriestotake
workbyUNDPanditsmanypartnersonthe primaryresponsibilityfortheirowndevelop-
groundinallthesecriticalareas. ment,withdevelopedcountriesensuringthat
Inshort,asarobustlyindependentand transparent,credibleandproperlycostedna-
daroteiscunloattenveociecsesatrhiatl,ywrheiflleectspUonNsoorreUdbNyDUPNDpPol,- tsiuopnpaolrtdetvheeylonpemeednttosmtereattegtiheesMrielcleievnenituhemDfuel-l
icy,theHumanDevelopmentReportsoverthe velopmentGoals.
yearshavewonawelldeservedglobalreputa- But,asthisReportpersuasivelyargues,that
tionforexcellence.Theyhaveplayedanindis- agendasimplywillnotsucceedunlesswecande-
pensablecatalyticroleinhelpingframeand cisivelyresolvebottleneckscurrentlyretarding
forgeconcreteresponsestothekeydevelop- progressatthepaceandscalethatareneeded
mentpolicydebatesofourtime.Today,asthis overthenextdecadeinthreebroadareas:aid,
RlatehrenegpguoMearibftllalycmeitannhgkneetiwhsuoemrcdllDedeeva—vre,elilostpothmpheeemnsecitnhnatcglloGlemeonamgglrueesnaoibtfeytsmytteh—eecthatiaannlrdg-- chtfaaerlcnatsdaseirveaaeannsaddntahdclieoyslnsifiRvlsieecorptsno.rahAtocctrwoaomktspehsesilsealcaiacfnnrhgesbohaefndltdoohoenckseoe—matcpraritntehid-e-
getdateof2015. donenow.Theyear2005willberemembered
HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2005 V
oasppaoyretaurniotfychaoticteh,ewUhNenSweoprtledmbleeardeSrusmhmaidtthteo Omfafkicee.clTeharetshtartentghtehHaunmdadnepDtehvoefloitpsmeannatlyRsei-s
turnpledgesandpromisesintoconcreteac- portandthelegacyofhumandevelopmentit
tionstohelperadicateextremepovertyinour representsandsymbolizescouldnotbeinsafer
world.Itisanopportunitywecannotaffordto hands.Iwishhim,hisdedicatedteamandmy
missifwearetobequeathasafer,moresecure ownsuccessor,KemalDervis,alltheverybest
andmorejustworldtoourchildrenandfuture forthefuture.
generations.
Finally,whilethismaybemyownlastRe-
portasAdministrator,itmarksthefirsttobe
writtenundertheleadershipofKevinWatkins MarkMallochBrown
asDirectoroftheHumanDevelopmentReport Administrator,UNDP
TheanalysisandpolicyrecommendationsofthisReportdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsDevelop-
mentProgramme,itsExecutiveBoardoritsMemberStates.TheReportisanindependentpublicationcommissionedby
UNDP.ItisthefruitofacollaborativeeffortbyateamofeminentconsultantsandadvisersandtheHumanDevelopment
Reporttem.KevinWatkins,DirectoroftheHumanDevelopmentReportOffice,ledtheeffort.
vivi
Acknowledgements
ThisReportcouldnothavebeenpreparedwithoutthegenerouscontributionof
manyindividualsandorganizations.Theauthorswishtoacknowledgetheirspecial
debttoAmartyaSen,whoseworkhasshapedtheevolutionoftheHumanDevel-
opmentReportovertheyears.MarkMallochBrown,theoutgoingAdministrator
oftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),hasprovidedconsis-
tentsupportandencouragement.Hispersonalcommitmentisdeeplyappreciated.
TheReportbenefitedgreatlyfromdetailedandsubstantivecommentsfromKemal
Dervis,thenewlyappointedAdministratorofUNDP.Errorsofcommissionand
omissionarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthors.
Contributors forInternationalComparisonsattheUniver-
Backgroundstudies,papersandnoteswerepre- sityofPennsylvania,DevelopmentInitiatives,
paredonawiderangeofthematicissuesrelat- EconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaand
ingtotheReport.ContributorswereCharlie thePacific,EconomicandSocialCommission
Arden-Clarke,CatherineBarber,HelenBarnes, forLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,Euro-
GrahamK.Brown,OliBrown,SarahBurd- peanCommission,FoodandAgricultureOr-
Sharps,SimonChesterman,BernardChoulai, ganization,GlobalIDPProject,International
GiovanniAndreaCornia,JohnCrabtree,Car- InstituteforStrategicStudies,International
olynDeere,NelsonGiordanoDelgado,Yuri LabourOrganization,InternationalMonetary
Dikhanov,KateDyer,XiboFan,JuanAlberto Fund,InternationalOrganizationforMigra-
Fuentes,TonyGerman,JayatiGhosh,Peter tion,InternationalTelecommunicationUnion,
Gibbon,AlissaGoodman,AdeleHarmer,Ruth Inter-ParliamentaryUnion,JointUnitedNa-
Hill,CatherineHoffman,MichaelFriisJensen, tionsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS,KaiserFam-
AlisonJohnson,NailaKabeer,RomanKrznaric, ilyFoundation,LuxembourgIncomeStudy,
ArnimLanger,MatthewMartin,RuthMayne, OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationand
KierenMcGovern,CalumMiller,TanniMuk- Development,StockholmInternationalPeace
hopadhyay,CiruMwaura,SimonNangiro, ResearchInstitute,UnitedNationsChildrens
AdrianoCampolinadeOliveiraSoares,Trudy Fund,UnitedNationsConferenceonTrade
Owens,FranzetskaPapadopoulou-Zavalis,Cin- andDevelopment,UnitedNationsDevelop-
tiaQuiliconi,JudithRandel,AndrewRoger- mentFundforWomen,UnitedNationsEdu-
son,JorgeOswaldoRomano,DianeRowland, cational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization
EmmaSamman,TimothyScott,AbbyStod- InstituteforStatistics,UnitedNationsHigh
dard,DianaTussieandPatrickWatt. CommissionerforRefugees,UnitedNations
Severalorganizationsgenerouslyshared OfficeonDrugsandCrime,TreatySection,
theirdataandotherresearchmaterials:Car- UnitedNationsOfficeofLegalAffairs,United
bonDioxideInformationandAnalysisCen- NationsPopulationDivision,UnitedNations
ter,CaribbeanCommunitySecretariat,Center StatisticsDivision,UNMillenniumProject,
HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2005
WorldBank,WorldHealthOrganization, MichèleGriffin,BrianHammond,Daniel
WorldTradeOrganizationandtheWorldIn- Hanspach,LottaHarbom,RubinaHaroon,
tellectualPropertyOrganization. NickRenéHartmann,RanaHasan,Sukehiro
Hasegawa,AlanHeston,CatherineHoffman,
AdvisoryPanel ValeriaIzzi,KareenJabre,LisaJones,Alberic
TheReportbenefitedgreatlyfromintellectual Kacou,DouglasKeh,ReetikaKhera,Frederik
adviceandguidanceprovidedbyanexter- Kok,SurajKumar,MuthuswamyLakshmina-
naladvisorypanelofexperts.Thepanelcom- rayan,AndreaLall,JeanLangers,FionaLegg,
prisedEkremBeqiri,NancyBirdsall,Francesca ClareLockhart,CharlesLufumpa,Frances
Cook,JustinForsyth,FreneGinwala,Rich- Lund,NyeinNyeinLwin,EsperanzaC.Mag-
ardJolly,DonaldKaberuka,NanakKakwani, pantay,CarlosMaldonado,LaminManneh,
RashidS.Kaukab,TonyKillick,A.K.Shiva KierenMcGovern,MarceloMedeiros,Al-
Kumar,Jean-PierreLandau,CallistoMadavo, varoMelendez,JorgeMernies,JohanMisti-
MoisésNaim,DeepaNarayan,BennoNdulu, aen,JaimeMoll-de-Alba,BrunoMoro,Céline
DaniRodrik,MohammadSahnoun,Rans- Moyroud,ChristineMusisi,CiruMwaura,
fordSmith,RehmanSobhan,FrancesStewart, SuppiramaniamNanthikesan,JohnOhiorhe-
PaulStreeten,AnaToni,ShritiVadera,Ngaire nuan,SaeedOrdoubadi,SaidOuldA.Vof-
WoodsandSusanL.Woodward.Anadvisory fal,PaolaPagliani,AmyPate,PaulAndréde
panelonstatisticsmadeaninvaluablecontri- laPorte,MohammadPournik,SeetaPrabhu,
bution.ThepanelmemberswereCarlaAbou- WilliamPrince,AgnèsPuymoyen,JanVan
Zahr,TonyAtkinson,HubertEscaith,Andrew Ravens,LucaRenda,YueRenfeng,Rodolfo
JK.rFilzatmta,nR,ebIeacnaDG.ryMnascpraend,ieG,arAentnhaJoNne.s,MaIjreeln-a ERloiqzuaebeFtuhenStkeosn,s,DiJaenleenRaoSwmloalnjda,n,AnSuojpahiSainSgho,-
antle,JohnMale-Mukasa,MarionMcEwin, mogyi,DeviSridhar,PetterStalenheim,Mark
FrancescaPerucci,TimSmeeding,EricSwan- Stoker,MichelThieren,MandyTurner,Fabio
son,PervezTahirandMichaelWard.Theteam Veras,LottaViklund,YanWang,Michael
isgratefultoBrianHammond,IanMacredie, Ward,SiemonWezeman,IanWhitman,Tony
AngelaMeandDavidPearce,thestatistical WilliamsandEduardoZepeda.
peerreviewerswhoscrutinizedthedatainthe TheReportteamgratefullyacknowledges
Reportandlenttheirstatisticalexpertise. thestimulatingcontributionoftheScenario
Buildingworkshopparticipants:LarryElliot,
Consultations AlisherIlkhamov,BruceJenks,WilliamKa-
Manyindividualsconsultedduringtheprepa- lema,NawalKamel,MelindaKimble,Claudia
rationoftheReportprovidedinvaluablead- Martinez,PeiMinxin,DavidMorrison,Arch-
vice,informationandmaterial.TheReport bishopNjongonkuluW.H.Ndungane,Shoji
teamthanksYuhannaAboona,CarlaAbou- Nishimoto,PreciousOmuku,SurinPitsuwan,
Zahr,YasminAhmad,SergeAllegrezza,Anna JorgeQuiroga,JoseRamosHorta,MattiaRo-
AlvazzidelFrate,JacobAssa,ChristinaBar- mani,AdnanShihabEldin,RobertoSoares,
rineau,BobBaulch,ElenaBernaldo,Izzy AngelaWilkinson,HRHPrinceWillem-Alex-
Birch,EvaBusza,ShaamelaCassiem,Duang- anderoftheNetherlandsandNgaireWoods.
kamonChotikapanich,GiovanniAndreaCor-
nia,FrancescaCoullare,AngusDeaton,Yuri UNDPReaders
Dikhanov,AdamaDiop-Faye,ShermanDorn, AReadersGroup,madeupofcolleaguesin
HubertEscaith,JensEschenbaecher,Gonzalo UNDP,providedextremelyusefulcomments,
FanjulSuárez,SallyFegan-Wyles,AngelaFer- suggestionsandinputsduringthewriting
riolMuruaga,MarziaFontana,Marc-André oftheReport.TheReportteamisespecially
Franche,EnriqueGanuza,RosarioGarcia gratefultoHakanBjorkman,PhilipDobie,
Calderon,LeonardoGasparini,PatrickGer- GhaithFariz,Marc-AndréFranche,Cherie
land,PeterGhys,ErlindaGo,LucGrégoire, Hart,GilbertFossounHoungbo,BruceJenks,
HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2005
IngeKaul,BrunoLemarquis,KamalMalhotra, DavidMorrison,BillOrmeandElizabeth
LamínManneh,RosemaryNuamah,Eleanor ScottAndrews.Translationswerereviewed
O’Gorman,HafizPasha,StefanoPettinato, byJeanFabre,VladimirScherbov,Moustapha
RichardPonzio,LilianadeRiz,TurhanSaleh, Soumare,FayizSuyyaghandOscarYujnovsky.
BenSlay,RamaswamySudarshan,MarkSuz- TheReportalsobenefitedfromthededi-
man,MounirTabet,JanVandemoortele,An- catedworkofNohaAboueldahab,MariaKris-
tonioVigilanteandLouisaVinton. tinaDominguez,LaurelGascho,TugbaGo-
kalp,RamziMabsout,AurélieMazel,Agueda
Editing,ProductionandTranslation Perez,GillanRichards,FredericRozeirade
Thereportbenefitedfromthemaineditor MarizandHannaSchmitt.OzerBabakoland
CharlotteDenny.Technicalandproduction MatthewBellmadevaluablecontributionsto
editingandlayoutwereprovidedbyMeta thestatisticalteam.
deCoquereaumont,ThomasRoncoli,Bruce DanielaCostantinoandMicheleJackof
Ross-Larson,ChristopherTrott,Timothy theUNOfficeofProjectServicesprovided
WalkerandElaineWilsonofCommunica- criticaladministrativesupportandmanage-
tionsDevelopmentIncorporated.TheReport mentservices.
(includingcover)wasdesignedbyGrundy&
NorthedgeInformationDesigners.Statistical
siingfnoerdmabtyiGon.QauppienanriInngfoirnmtahteioRneDpeosritgnw.asde- /¡¡¡i.yA_
Theproduction,translation,distribution
andpromotionoftheReportbenefitedfrom KevinWatkins
thehelpandsupportoftheCommunications Director
OfficeoftheAdministrator:MaureenLynch, HumanDevelopmentReport2005
HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2005
Contents
Chapters
Overview Internationalcooperationatacrossroads:aid,tradeandsecurityinanunequalworld 1
Chapter1 Thestateofhumandevelopment 15
ProgArdevssanacnedssienthbaucmkasnindehvuemlaonpmdeenvte—loapmgelnobtalsnapshot 1189
Progressviewedthroughthehumandevelopmentindex 21
Thelimitstohumandevelopment 24
Theendofconvergence? 25
ScenISancreeiqnouaa2rl0iiot1y52a—0n1d5prp—oosopprrecocojtuesncttfrioiorensts'hnesoMhtiaplrrleeedonifnciituinmocnrDseeavseedlogplmoebanltwGeoaalltsh 334690
Changingcourseandgettingontrack 45
Chapter2 Inequalityandhumandevelopment 49
Whyinequalitymatters 52
Socialjusticeandmorality 52
Puttingthepoorfirst 53
Growthandefficiency 53
Politicallegitimacy 53
ChaiPCnuosbuloniftcedrpio-slaairdcvgyaugnmoteaanlgtses——icnoeuqnutaleirteydwithincountries 555445
LUanyeeqrusalofcihnaenqcuaelsi—tychoenaslttrhaiinneqliufaelcithioeisceasndtheMDGs 5619
Thehumandevelopmentpotentialofpro-poorgrowth 64
Improvingthedistributionofgrowth 64
Achievingpro-poorgrowth 69
Chapter3 Aidforthe21stcentury 73
Rethinkingthecaseforaid 77
Aidasmoralimperativeandenlightenedself-interest 77
FinaAnicdinagnadidh—umtahnedreecvoerldo,ptmheentproblems,thechallenge 7893
Aidquantity 84
AidandtheMDGs:canrichcountriesaffordthem? 92
Canmoreaidbeabsorbed? 96
X HUMANDEVELOPMENTREPORT2005