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Human Development Across the Lifespan PDF

608 Pages·2008·25.164 MB·English
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Across the Lifespan S E V E N T H E D I T I O N John S. Dacey Boston College John F. Travers Boston College Lisa Fiore Lesley College HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: ACROSS THE LIFESPAN Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 8 ISBN: 978-0-07-338265-4 MHID: 0-07-338265-5 Vice president and editor-in-chief: Michael Ryan Publisher: Beth Mejia Sponsoring editor: Michael J. Sugarman Director of development: Dawn Groundwater Development editor: Trish Nealon Editorial coordinator: Jillian Allison Marketing manager: James Headley Media project manager: Jessalyn Clark Senior production editor: Mel Valentín Production assistant: Rachel J. Castillo Manuscript editor: Stacey Sawyer Art director: Jeanne M. Schreiber Design manager: Andrei Pasternak Cover designer: Allister Fein Interior designer: Kay Lieberherr Art editor: Sonia Brown Photo research coordinator: Nora Agbayani Lead production supervisor: Randy Hurst The text was set in 10.5/12 Times-Roman by Aptara-Inc., and printed on acid-free 45# New Era Matte by Quebecor-World. Cover image: Alastair Laidlaw/Getty Images Because this page cannot legibly accommodate all acknowledgements for copyrighted material, credits appear at the end of the book, and constitute an extension of this copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dacey, John S. Human development across the lifespan/John Dacey, John Travers, Lisa Fiore.—7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-338265-4 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-338265-5 (alk. paper) 1. Developmental psychology. I. Travers, John. II. Fiore, Lisa B., 1970- III. Title. BF713.D33 2008 155—dc22 2008007029 www.mhhe.com From John Dacey and John Travers: This book is dedicated with deep aff ection to the two people who have helped us the most —Linda Dacey and Barbara Travers, our wives. From Lisa Fiore: To the people who have helped me develop the most —Steve, Matthew, and Talia. About the Authors John s. Dacey, Ph.D., is professor at Boston College in the Department of Counseling, Developmental Psychology, and Research Methods. He began his career as a junior high social studies teacher. Now a college teacher and a researcher in ado- lescent and adult development, he is the author of 12 books and nearly 30 articles on parenting, creativity, and general human development. His most recently published book is enti- tled Your Anxious Child. He is currently fi nishing a book on parental techniques for promoting family cohesion. John Travers, is professor at Boston College in the Depart- ment of Counseling, Developmental Psychology, and Research Methods. He began his career as a junior high social studies teacher. Now a college teacher and a researcher in adolescent and adult development, he is the author of 12 books and nearly 30 articles on parenting, creativity, and general human devel- opment. His most recently published book is entitled Your Anxious Child. He is currently fi nishing a book on parental techniques for promoting family cohesion. Lisa fi ore, is professor at Boston College in the Department of Counseling, Developmental Psychology, and Research Methods. She began his career as a junior high social studies teacher. Now a college teacher and a researcher in adolescent and adult development, she is the author of 12 books and nearly 30 articles on parenting, creativity, and general human devel- opment. Her most recently published book is entitled Your Anxious Child. She is currently fi nishing a book on parental techniques for promoting family cohesion. iv Brief Contents 8 1 Psychosocial Development in part Introduction Early Childhood 192 5 part Middle 1 Lifespan Psychology: An Introduction 1 Chi ldhood 2 Theories of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan 26 9 Physical and Cognitive 2 part Beginnings Development in Middle Childhood 222 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood 258 3 The Biological Basis of Development 49 6 4 Pregnancy and Birth 76 part Adolescence 3 part Infancy 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 289 12 Psychosocial Development in 5 Physical and Cognitive Adolescence 320 Development in Infancy 104 6 Psychosocial Development in Infancy 140 part 7 Early Adulthood 4 part Early Childhood 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early 7 Adulthood 349 Physical and Cognitive 14 Development in Early Psychosocial Development in Childhood 162 Early Adulthood 371 v vi Brief Contents 8 9 part Middle part Lat e Adulthood Adu lthood 17 Physical and Cognitive 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Development in Middle Late Adulthood 443 Adulthood 395 18 Psychosocial Development in 16 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood 469 Middle Adulthood 417 19 Dying and Spirituality 488 Table of Contents The Cognitive Developmental Approach 34 Part 1 Introduction Key Concepts in Jean Piaget’s Theory 34 How Does the Theory Actually Work? 36 The Cultural Framework Approach 36 1 Lifespan Psychology: An Lev Vygotsky’s Theory 37 The Behavioral Approach 38 Introduction 1 Skinner and Operant Conditioning 38 Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning 40 An Example of Development Through The Lifespan 3 Barack Obama—The Promise of Development 3 A Bioecological Model 41 Thinking About Lifespan Development 4 Developmental Theory: Current Status, Future Direction 41 Why Study The Lifespan? 4 Change in the Field 42 What Is Development? 5 Interactions Among Levels of Development 42 Changing Views of the Lifespan 6 Developmental Systems Theory 43 Childhood 7 Final Theoretical Notes 44 Adolescence: A Time of Storm, Stress, Conclusion & Summary 47 or Calm? 8 Key Terms 47 Adulthood 10 What Do You Think? 48 Changing Perspectives on Aging 10 Chapter Review Test 48 The Importance of Biopsychosocial Interactions 13 Understanding Children’s Cultures 13 Part 2 Beginnings Contributors to Biopsychosocial Interactions 15 Issues in Lifespan Development 16 Continuity versus Discontinuity 16 3 The Biological Basis of Nature vs. Nurture 17 Development 49 Developmental Research 18 Data Collection Techniques 18 The Fertilization Process 51 Time Variable Designs 20 Beginnings 52 Conclusion & Summary 23 The Menstrual Cycle 52 Key Terms 24 Infertility 55 What Do You Think? 24 Causes of Infertility 55 Chapter Review Test 25 Assisted Reproduction Techniques 56 2 Adoption 57 Theories of Development: Heredity at Work 60 Interpreting the Lifespan 26 Chromosomes and Genes 61 DNA: Structure and Function 62 The Psychoanalytic Tradition 28 Genetic Counseling 64 Structures of the Mind 29 How Traits Are Transmitted 65 The Developing Personality 29 Hereditary Disorders 66 Psychosocial Crises and Development 31 The Human Genome Project 68 Erik Erikson’s View 31 How The Human Genome Project Began 70 Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages 31 Ethical, Legal, and, Social Implications 71 vii viii Table of Contents Conclusion & Summary 73 What Do You Think? 138 Key Terms 73 Chapter Review Test 139 What Do You Think? 74 6 Psychosocial Development Chapter Review Test 74 in Infancy 140 4 Pregnancy and Birth 76 The Meaning of Relationships 142 The Prenatal World 78 Characteristics of the Developing Relationship 142 The Germinal Period 79 How Do Children Develop Relationships? 143 The Embryonic Period 79 The Role of Reciprocal Interactions 144 Emergence of the Nervous System 80 Parental Roles: Expectations For a Relationship 145 The Fetal Period 82 Attachment 147 Infl uences on Prenatal Development 85 Bowlby’s Work 147 Maternal Infl uences 85 Attachment Research 148 Teratogens 87 Fathers and Attachment 151 Infectious Diseases 88 Differences in Mother/Father Behavior 151 Chemicals 90 Temperament 152 Diagnosing Fetal Problems 92 The Origins of Temperament 152 The Birth Process 93 The Dimensions of Temperament 153 Stages in the Birth Process 94 Early Emotional Development 155 Birth Complications 96 Defi ning Emotion 156 The Special Case of Prematurity 97 Role of Emotions in Development 156 Conclusion & Summary 101 Emotion Regulation 157 Key Terms 101 Analyzing Emotional Expressions 158 What Do You Think? 101 Conclusion & Summary 159 Chapter Review Test 102 Key Terms 160 What Do You Think? 160 Part 3 Infancy Chapter Review Test 160 Part 4 Early Childhood 5 Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy 104 7 Physical and Cognitive Development Physical Development In Infancy 106 in Early Childhood 162 Development Milestones of Infancy 106 Nutrition 107 Physical and Motor Development 164 Brain Development 108 Features of Physical Development 164 An Infant’s Brain, Neurons, and Communication 111 Sequence of Early Childhood Growth 165 Neonatal Refl exes 113 Continuing Brain Development 165 Neonatal Assessment Techniques 115 Boys’ and Girls’ Brains 166 Motor Development 117 Infl uences on Physical Development in Early Neonatal Problems 118 Childhood 168 Perceptual Development 122 Growing Motor Skills 169 The Meaning of Perception 122 Cognitive Development 172 Visual Perception 123 Piaget’s Preoperational Period 172 Visual Adaptation 123 Information Processing Theory 176 Auditory Perception 124 Children’s Theory of Mind 177 Cognitive Development 125 Early Childhood Education 179 Piaget’s Sensorimotor Period 125 Piaget and Montessori 179 Criticisms of Piaget 127 Project Head Start 180 Information Processing in Infancy 128 Language Development 181 Language Development 131 Language as Rule Learning 183 Acquiring Their Language 132 The Pattern of Language Development 183 The Pace of Language Acquisition 133 Language Irregularities 184 Key Signs of Language Development 135 Bilingualism 185 Conclusion & Summary 138 Conclusion & Summary 189 Key Terms 138 Key Terms 190 Table of Contents ix What Do You Think? 190 Conclusion & Summary 255 Chapter Review Test 190 Key Terms 256 8 What Do You Think? 256 Psychosocial Development Chapter Review Test 256 in Early Childhood 192 10 Psychosocial Development The Family in Development 194 in Middle Childhood 258 A Changing View of the Family 194 Parents and Their Children 195 The Changing Sense of Self 260 Siblings and Development 197 The Developing Self-Concept 260 Children of Divorce 200 Self-Esteem and Competence 261 Nonparental Child Care 202 Children and Self-Regulation 263 The Self Emerges 207 The Infl uence of Peers 265 The Development of Self 207 Children’s Friendships 266 Changes in the Developing Self 208 Peers in Middle Childhood 266 The Role of Gender in Development 209 Schools and Middle Childhood 268 Defi nition of Terms 210 Are Schools Really That Important? 268 Theories of Gender Development 210 Do Teachers Make a Difference? 269 Acquiring Gender Identity 211 Schools and Development 273 Gender Stereotyping 213 Television and Development 275 The Importance of Play 215 Television and Cognitive Development 275 The Meaning of Play 215 Television and Violence 277 Developmental Aspects of Play 216 Stress in Childhood 278 Conclusion & Summary 220 Types of Stress 280 Key Terms 220 Why Children React Differently to Stress 280 What Do You Think? 220 Abused Children 282 Chapter Review Test 221 The Special Case of Sexual Abuse 283 Resilient Children 284 part 5 Middle Conclusion & Summary 287 Key Terms 287 Childhood What Do You Think? 287 Chapter Review Test 288 9 Physical and Cognitive Development 6 in Middle Childhood 222 part Adolescence Physical Development 224 Brain Development During the Middle Childhood 11 Physical and Cognitive Years 225 Development in Adolescence 289 Nutrition 227 Children Who Are Exceptional 229 What Is Adolescence and When Does It Start? 291 Cognitive Development 230 Theories of Adolescence 294 Piaget and Concrete Operations 230 Anna Freud’s Psychological Theory 294 New Ways of Looking at Intelligence 232 Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 295 Thinking and Problem Solving 237 John Hill’s Biopsychosocial Theory 297 Children and Thinking Skills 237 Physical Development 299 Problem-Solving Strategies 240 Your Reproductive System 299 The DUPE Model 242 When Does Puberty Start? 302 The Big6 Skills Method 243 The Secular Trend 303 Moral Development 244 Body Image and Eating Disorders 304 The Path of Moral Development 245 The Athletic Body and Eating Disorders 306 Piaget’s Explanation 246 The Role of Stress 306 Kohlberg’s Theory 247 Cognitive Development 307 Gilligan’s In a Different Voice 248 Variables in Cognitive Development: Piaget 308 Language Development 250 Emotions and Brain Development 309 Changes in Usage 251 Adolescent Egocentrism 310 Children and Their Books 252 Critical Thinking 311 The Issue of Literacy 252 x Table of Contents Creative Thinking 312 Patterns of Work 363 Mental Health Issues 314 The Phenomenon of the Dual-Career Family 364 Conclusion & Summary 317 Home-Based Work 365 Key Terms 318 Conclusion & Summary 368 What Do You Think? 318 Key Terms 368 Chapter Review Test 319 What Do You Think? 369 Chapter Review Test 369 12 Psychosocial Development in 14 Adolescence 320 Psychosocial Development in Early Adulthood 371 Changing American Families and Their Roles in Adolescent Life 321 Marriage and the Family 372 The Loss of Functions 321 Changing American Marriages and Families 372 The Effects of Divorce 323 Types of Marriage 375 The Nurturing Parent 325 Personal Development 376 Peer Relations 326 The Adult Life Cycle: Levinson 376 Developmental Patterns of Peer Groups 326 Seasons of a Man’s Life: Levinson 377 Functions of Peer Groups 328 Intimacy versus Isolation: Erikson 380 Sexual Behavior 329 Sexual Identity and Gender Roles 381 Stages of Sexuality 330 Aspects of Gender Role 383 Autosexual Behavior 330 The Traditionalist View 383 Homosexual Behavior 331 Evolutionary Psychology 383 Heterosexual Behavior 331 Androgyny 384 Sexually Transmitted Infections 335 Male versus Female Identity 384 AIDS 335 Interpersonal Relations 386 Other Sexually Transmitted Infections 337 Sexuality 387 The Teenage Parent 340 Marital Practices 387 Illegal Behavior 342 Forms and Factors of Love: Sternberg 388 Substance Abuse 342 Validation: Fromm 390 Criminal Behavior 343 Conclusion & Summary 392 Conclusion & Summary 345 Key Terms 392 Key Terms 346 What Do You Think? 393 What Do You Think? 347 Chapter Review Test 393 Chapter Review Test 347 8 part Middle 7 part Early Adulthood Adulthood 15 Physical and Cognitive Development 13 Physical and Cognitive in Middle Adulthood 395 Development in Early Adulthood 349 Physical Development 396 Initiation into Adulthood 351 Health 396 The Transition to Adulthood in the United Muscular Ability 398 States 351 Sensory Abilities 398 Implications of the Lack of an Initiation The Climacteric 399 Ceremony 352 Cognitive Development 402 Physical Development 354 Intelligence 402 The Peak Is Reached 355 New Views of Intelligence 403 Organ Reserve 356 The Development of Creativity 405 The Effect of Lifestyle on Health 356 Learning Ability 408 Cognitive Development 360 Patterns of Work 410 Intellectual/Ethical Development 360 Special Challenges for the Working Woman 411 “Women’s Ways of Knowing” 362 The Midcareer Crisis 412

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