Human-computer interaction in the new millennium

746 Pages·5.572 MB·English

by  Carroll, John Millar(Editor)

Human-Computer
Interaction in the
New Millennium
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Human-Computer
Interaction in the
New Millennium
John M. Carroll, Editor
ACM Press
New York,New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Human-computer interaction in the new millennium / John M. Carroll,editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-70447-1
1. Human-computer interaction. I. Carroll,John M. (John Millar),1950–
QA76.9.H85 H857 2001
004'.01'9—dc21 2001035288
Copyright ©2002 by ACM Press,A Division of the Association for Computing Machinery,Inc. (ACM).
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,
in any form,or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without the
prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada.
ISBN 0-201-70447-1
Text printed on recycled paper
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRW—0504030201
First printing,July 2001
Contents
Preface xxv
Introduction:
Human-Computer Interaction,
the Past and the Present xxvii
John M. Carroll
PART I MODELS, THEORIES, AND FRAMEWORKS 1
CHAPTER 1 On the Effective Use and Reuse of HCI Knowledge 3
Alistair Sutcliffe
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Theories and Cognitive Models 4
1.3 Claims, Products, and Artifacts 9
1.4 Generalizing Claims and Reusing
HCI Knowledge 13
1.5 Conclusions 24
CHAPTER2 Macrotheory for Systems of Interactors 31
Philip Barnard, Jon May, David Duke, and David Duce
2.1 Theory Development in a Boundless Domain 31
2.2 Systems of Interactors, Macrotheory, Microtheory,
and Layered Explanation 32
2.3 Macrotheory and Interaction 36
2.4 Capturing Significant Variation
in Interaction Trajectories 39
2.5 Realizing Coherent Type 1 Theories
of Interaction 43
v
vi Contents
2.6 Extension to Higher Order Systems
of Interaction 46
2.7 Conclusion 49
CHAPTER 3 Design in the MoRAS 53
George W. Furnas
3.1 Introduction: ++HCI and the MoRAS 53
3.2 The MoRAS 54
3.3 Illustrating the Consequences 59
3.3.1 Blindness from Ignoring
the MoRAS 59
3.3.2 Design Opportunities from Considering
theMoRAS 61
3.3.3 New Problems Addressed—Needs
and Wants 66
3.4 The MoRAS and ++HCI Design 68
3.5 Future Directions 69
CHAPTER 4 Distributed Cognition: Toward a New Foundation
forHuman-Computer Interaction Research 75
James Hollan, Edwin Hutchins, and David Kirsh
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 A Distributed Cognition Approach 77
4.2.1 Socially Distributed Cognition 77
4.2.2 Embodied Cognition 77
4.2.3 Culture and Cognition 78
4.2.4 Ethnography of Distributed
Cognitive Systems 79
4.3 An Integrated Framework
for Research 80
4.3.1 Ship Navigation 82
4.3.2 Airline Cockpit Automation 83
4.3.3 Beyond Direct Manipulation 83
4.3.4 History-Enriched Digital Objects 85
4.3.5 PAD++: Zoomable Multiscale
Interfaces 87
4.3.6 Intelligent Use of Space 88
S 4.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 90
N
Contents vii
PART II USABILITY ENGINEERING METHODS
AND CONCEPTS 95
CHAPTER 5 The Strategic Use of Complex Computer
Systems 97
Suresh K. Bhavnani and Bonnie E. John
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Strategies in the Intermediate Layers
of Knowledge 98
5.2.1 Strategies That Exploit the Iterative Power
ofComputers 99
5.2.2 Acquiring Strategies in the Intermediate
Layers of Knowledge 100
5.2.3 Generality of Strategies in the Intermediate
Layers of Knowledge 101
5.3 Evidence for the Effects of Aggregation Strategies
on Performance 103
5.3.1 The Panel Clean-up Task 103
5.3.2 How L1 Performed the Panel
Clean-up Task 104
5.3.3 Cognitive Analysis of the Panel
Clean-up Task 107
5.3.4 Inefficient Use Reported
in Other Studies 109
5.4 Possible Explanations for Inefficient
ComputerUsage 110
5.4.1 Efficient Strategies Not Known 111
5.4.2 Efficient Strategies Known
But Not Used 113
5.4.3 Discussion of Possible Explanations
of Inefficient Computer Usage 116
5.5 General Computer Strategies
beyond Aggregation 117
5.5.1 Propagation Strategies 117
5.5.2 Organization Strategies 119
5.5.3 Visualization Strategies 119
5.6 Summary and Future Research 120
viii Contents
CHAPTER 6 User Interface Evaluation:
How Cognitive Models Can Help 125
Frank E. Ritter, Gordon D.Baxter, Gary Jones,
andRichardM. Young
6.1 The Synergy between Cognitive Modeling
and HCI 125
6.1.1 The Advantages for HCI 125
6.1.2 The Advantages for Models 126
6.2 A Route to Supporting Models as Users 127
6.2.1 The Artifacts of the Cognitive Modeling
Process 128
6.2.2 The Role of User Interface Management
Systems 128
6.2.3 Cognitive Model Interface Management
Systems 129
6.2.4 A Functional Model Eye and Hand 131
6.3 Example Cognitive Models That Perform
Interactive Tasks 132
6.3.1 A Simplified Air Traffic Control
Model 132
6.3.2 Tower of Nottingham Model 135
6.3.3 Electronic Warfare Task Model 137
6.3.4 Related Systems 139
6.3.5 Limitations of This Approach 141
6.4 Cognitive Models as Users
in the New Millennium 141
6.4.1 Implications for Models 142
6.4.2 Implications for Interfaces 143
CHAPTER 7 HCI in the Global Knowledge-Based Economy:
Designingto Support Worker Adaptation 149
Kim J. Vicente
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Case Study: Hedge Funds in August 1998 150
7.2.1 What Are Hedge Funds? 150
7.2.2 What Happened? 151
7.2.3 Why Did It Happen? 151
7.2.4 Generalizing the Lessons Learned 151
S
N
Contents ix
7.3 The Global Knowledge-Based Economy and the
Demand for Adaptation 152
7.3.1 The Global Knowledge-Based
Economy 153
7.3.2 The Future Demand
for Adaptation 153
7.3.3 The Relationship between
AdaptationandLearning 155
7.3.4 How Much Have Things Changed? 157
7.4 Cognitive Work Analysis: A Potential
ProgrammaticApproach 158
7.4.1 A Constraint-Based Approach 158
7.4.2 Five Layers of Constraint 159
7.4.3 Modeling Tools and
Design Implications 162
7.5 The Future: What Can We Be Sure Of? 164
CHAPTER 8 A Reference Task Agenda for HCI 167
Steve Whittaker, Loren Terveen, and Bonnie A. Nardi
8.1 The Problems with HCI
as Radical Invention 167
8.1.1 Radical Invention Is Not Always
Effective 167
8.1.2 What We Don’t Know: Requirements,
Metrics, and Uses of Everyday
Technologies 168
8.1.3 How We Don’t Know It:
The Dissemination Problem 170
8.2 The Reference Task Solution 170
8.2.1 Reference Tasks in Other
Disciplines 171
8.3 Reference Tasks in HCI 172
8.3.1 Lessons from DARPA and TREC 172
8.4 How to Define a Reference Task 176
8.5 An Example Reference Task: Browsing
andRetrievalin Speech Archives 177
8.5.1 Selecting and Specifying Reference Tasks
inthe Domain of Speech Archives 178
8.5.2 Defining Metrics 179