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Human Computation (Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning) PDF

123 Pages·2011·3.07 MB·English
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D DDiiieeetttttteeerrriiiccchhh,, , S SSeeerrriiieeesss E EEdddiiitttooorrrsss Human Computation Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Editors RonaldJ.Brachman,YahooResearch WilliamW.Cohen,CarnegieMellonUniversity ThomasDietterich,OregonStateUniversity HumanComputation EdithLawandLuisvonAhn 2011 TradingAgents MichaelP.Wellman 2011 VisualObjectRecognition KristenGraumanandBastianLeibe 2011 LearningwithSupportVectorMachines ColinCampbellandYimingYing 2011 AlgorithmsforReinforcementLearning CsabaSzepesvári 2010 DataIntegration:TheRelationalLogicApproach MichaelGenesereth 2010 MarkovLogic:AnInterfaceLayerforArtificialIntelligence PedroDomingosandDanielLowd 2009 iii IntroductiontoSemi-SupervisedLearning XiaojinZhuandAndrewB.Goldberg 2009 ActionProgrammingLanguages MichaelThielscher 2008 RepresentationDiscoveryusingHarmonicAnalysis SridharMahadevan 2008 EssentialsofGameTheory:AConciseMultidisciplinaryIntroduction KevinLeyton-BrownandYoavShoham 2008 AConciseIntroductiontoMultiagentSystemsandDistributedArtificialIntelligence NikosVlassis 2007 IntelligentAutonomousRobotics:ARobotSoccerCaseStudy PeterStone 2007 Copyright© 2011byMorgan&Claypool Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans—electronic,mechanical,photocopy,recording,oranyotherexceptforbriefquotationsin printedreviews,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. HumanComputation EdithLawandLuisvonAhn www.morganclaypool.com ISBN:9781608455164 paperback ISBN:9781608455171 ebook DOI10.2200/S00371ED1V01Y201107AIM013 APublicationintheMorgan&ClaypoolPublishersseries SYNTHESISLECTURESONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEANDMACHINELEARNING Lecture#13 SeriesEditors:RonaldJ.Brachman,YahooResearch WilliamW.Cohen,CarnegieMellonUniversity ThomasDietterich,OregonStateUniversity SeriesISSN SynthesisLecturesonArtificialIntelligenceandMachineLearning Print1939-4608 Electronic1939-4616 Human Computation Edith Law and Luis von Ahn CarnegieMellonUniversity SYNTHESISLECTURESONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEANDMACHINE LEARNING#13 M &C Morgan &cLaypool publishers ABSTRACT Humancomputationisanewandevolvingresearchareathatcentersaroundharnessinghumanintel- ligencetosolvecomputationalproblemsthatarebeyondthescopeofexistingArtificialIntelligence (AI) algorithms.With the growth of theWeb,human computation systems can now leverage the abilitiesofanunprecedentednumberofpeopleviatheWebtoperformcomplexcomputation.There arevariousgenresofhumancomputationapplicationsthatexisttoday.Gameswithapurpose(e.g., theESPGame)specificallytargetonlinegamerswhogenerateusefuldata(e.g.,imagetags)while playinganenjoyablegame.Crowdsourcingmarketplaces(e.g.,AmazonMechanicalTurk)arehuman computationsystemsthatcoordinateworkerstoperformtasksinexchangeformonetaryrewards.In identityverificationtasks,usersperformcomputationinordertogainaccesstosomeonlinecontent; anexampleisreCAPTCHA,whichleveragesmillionsofuserswhosolveCAPTCHAseveryday tocorrectwordsinbooksthatopticalcharacterrecognition(OCR)programsfailtorecognizewith certainty. Thisbookisaimedatachievingfourgoals:(1)defininghumancomputationasaresearcharea; (2) providing a comprehensive review of existing work;(3) drawing connections to a wide variety ofdisciplines,includingAI,MachineLearning,HCI,Mechanism/MarketDesignandPsychology, andcapturingtheiruniqueperspectivesonthecoreresearchquestionsinhumancomputation;and (4)suggestingpromisingresearchdirectionsforthefuture. KEYWORDS humancomputation,human-in-the-loopalgorithms,outputaggregation,activelearn- ing,latentclassmodels,taskrouting,labormarkets,gameswithapurpose,taskdesign, crowdsourcing,mechanismdesign,incentives To Eric, Jacob and my parents. – Edith To Laura. – Luis

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Human computation is a new and evolving research area that centers around harnessing human intelligence to solve computational problems that are beyond the scope of existing Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. With the growth of the Web, human computation systems can now leverage the abilities
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