Human Communication (6th University of Central Florida Edition)

389 Pages·2017·45.559 MB·English

by  Pearson

SIXTH EDITION
Communication

Judy C. Pearson Jeff Butler
PaulE. Nelson ‘Stephen Ihde
Scott Titsworth Jim Katt
Lynn Harter Burt Pryor
SS
Graw
Hill
etree
From the Authors
Your life is punctuated with critical moments in which communication
plays an important role, Whether you are talking to a potential employer
during a job interview, a loved one about an important Issue facing
yourfamily, or an instructor about an assignment, what you say and
how you say it can dramatically shape the outcome ofan interac-
tion, Our goal in writing Human Communication is to help you feel
confident in any situation. We want you to have the knowledge,
skills, and attitudes necessary to be a successful communicator.
Wewant youto be ready to
+ Communicate effectively in novel and uncertain situations
+ Assess who you are talking to andestablish common ground
+ Listen effectively and respond appropriately
+ Practice the skills appropriate to a variety of relationships and
cultures,
+ Adapt your communication using technologies that enhance,
express, and transmit your messages
Speakwith confidence andclarity on important topics
Human Communication draws on the best available research to
help you develop the knowledge you need to communicate effec-
tively in a variety of situations. The research-based theories we
presentin this text, coupled with the street savy you have devel-
‘oped over the course of your life, will equip you with a strong
foundation for reading situations, acting appropriately, and adapting
your communication behaviors.
As instructors in the field of communication, we believe that
personal improvement in communication begins with a clear under-
standing of your own attitudes and of therelationships you build
with others. Human Communication will help you developtheskills
you need to tell the story of yourlife and serve as a foundation
forlifelong success.
— Judy C. Pearson
— Paul E. Nelson
— Scott Titsworth
— Angela M. Hosek
brief contents
Parti Fundamentals of Communication Studies
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Study of Communication 2
Chapter 2 Perception, Self, and Communication 20
Chapter 3 Language and Meaning 46
Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication 64
Chapter 5 Listening 88
Part 2 Communication Contexts
Chapter 6 Interpersonal Communication 106
Chapter 7 Intercultural Communication 136
Chapter 8 Small-Group Communication 154
Chapter 9 Workplace Communication 184
Part 3 Fundamentals of Public Speaking
Chapter 10 Understanding Communication Apprehension 214
Chapter 11 Being Credible and Using Evidence 230
Chapter 12 Organizing Your Presentation 260
Chapter 13 Effective Delivery and Use of Visual Aids 290
Chapter 14 Persuasive Presentations 318
Appendix A: Communicating In Our Technological World 342
Glossary 346
Index 353
From the Authors iv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxvii
Part 1 Fundamentals of Communication Studies
Chapter 1 AnIntroduction to the Study of Communication 2
What Is Communication? 3
Communication is Pervasive 3
Communication isAmoral 3
CommunicationAllows Us toAdvance OurLifeAgenda 4
What Can We Learn from Aristotle? 5
Logos—"Listen to My Message BecauseIt Makes Sense" 5

Pathos—‘ Listen to My Message Because ofthe Feelings It Evokes” 5
Ethos—“Listen to MyMessage Because |Am a Competent, Trustworthy,
and Wellintentioned Person” 5
The SMCREFactors 7
Source Variables 8 i “With Dre.
rememi
Message Variables 8
Channel Variables 8 whatI read.”
=
ReceiverVariables 9
EnvironmentVariables 9
Which Variables Can YouControl? 9
The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) 10
CentralRouteorPeripheral Cues? 10
Motivation andAbility 11
Communication Contexts 12
Interpersonal Communication 12
Small Group Communication 13
Organizational Communication 13
PublicSpeaking 14
Mass-Media Communication 14
Health Communication 14
FamilyCommunication 15
The Ethics of Communicating 15
What Have We Learned? 16
Chapter Review & Study Guide 16
Summary 16
Key Terms 17
Study Questions 17
Critical Thinking 18
Sizing Things Up Scoring andInterpretation 18
References 19
vi Contents
Chapter 2 Perception, Self, and Communication 20
DefiningPerception 21
Differences inPerception 22
IdentityFactors 22
TemporalConditions 23
PastExperiencesand Roles 23
PresentFeelings andCircumstances 23
‘ThePerceptual Process 24
Selection 24
Organization 25
Interpretation 28
Errors in OurPerceptions 29
Stereotyping 30
Firstimpressions 31
WhoAre You? 33
HowYouBecame WhoYouAre 33
Needs 35
LearningMoreAbout Yourself 36
HowYou Present Yourself 38
ChapterReview&StudyGuide 41
Summary 41
KeyTerms 42
‘StudyQuestions 42
CriticalThinking 43
SizingThingsUp ScoringandInterpretation 43
References 43
Chapter 3 Language and Meaning 46
Defining Language 47
Language Has Rules 47
Languageand CultureAreintertwined 48
Language OrganizesandClassifies Reality 49
LanguageIsArbitrary 50
LanguageisAbstract 51
LanguagetoAvoidWhen Speaking 51
Grammatical Errors 51
Slang 52
Clichés 52
Euphemisms 53
Profanity 53
Jargon 54
Regionalisms 54
Gender-Biased, Racist, Heterosexist, andAgeist Language 55
Improving Language Skills 56
Use Descriptiveness 56
Use Concrete Language 58
Differentiate Between Observations and Inferences 59
Chapter Review &Study Guide 61
“SmartBookhelps
Summary 61
me identify whatwe are
KeyTerms 61
goingto becoveringin
StudyQuestions 61
class.”
| CriticalThinking 62
| Sizing Things Up Scoringandinterpretation 62
References 63
|
Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication 64
Defining NonverbalCommunication 65
How Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Are Related? 66
The Ambiguity of Nonverbal Codes 67
One Code Communicates a VarietyofMeanings 67
A VarietyofCodes Communicate the Same Meaning 67
Nonverbal Codes 68
| BodilyMovementandFacialExpression 68
PhysicalAttraction 70
Space 71
|
Time 73
Touching 74
|
VocalCues 76
ClothingandArtifacts 78
Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication 79
ChapterReview&StudyGuide 82
Summary 82
KeyTerms 83
StudyQuestions 83
CriticalThinking 84
SizingThings UpScoringandinterpretation 84
References 84
Chapter 5 Listening 88
WhatIs Listening? 90
A Systems ModelofListening 94
Five Ways of Listening 92
DiscriminativeListening 92
Comprehensive Listening 92
Therapeutic Listening 92
eS ¥ “SmartBooklets me
CriticalListening 92
Appreciative Listening 93 nataeraoe
WhatKindofListener Are You? 94 i
ListeningStyles and Personality 96
ListeningStyles and Empathy 97
Listeningand Gender 98
How Can You Improve Your Own Listening Skills? (Receiver) 98
Ask Pre-Questions 99
ConsiderYourinterest Level 99
Use Elaboration Strategies 99
As a Listener, Take 51% ofthe Responsibility forthe Communication Transaction 99
Choose to Focus 100
BeAware ofLogical Fallacies, Source Credibility, andAppeals 100
Keepa ListeningJournal 100
Be Willingto Listen 100
How CanYou Facilitate Increased Listening in theAudience? (Sender) 100
HaveaStrong Messagethatis Relevant toYourAudience 100
Use Confident Language 101
Defineany Unfamiliar Terms and useStandard English 101
OfferOpportunities forClarification 101
Assume thatYourAudience May Not Have theSameListeningStyleas You 101
Chapter Review & Study Guide 102
Summary 102
KeyTerms 102
Check Your Understanding: ExercisesandActivities 102
References 103
Part 2 Communication Contexts
Chapter 6 Interpersonal Communication 106
TheNature ofCommunicationin interpersonalRelationships 108
Defining Interpersonal Communication 108
DefininginterpersonalRelationships 109
The ImportanceofInterpersonal Relationships 110
The Dark Side ofInterpersonal Relationships 112
SelfDisclosure in the DevelopmentofinterpersonalRelationships 112
Friendship 115
TheValue ofFriendships 115
Friendships and New Technology 116
Cross-Cultural Relationships 117
TheStages in Interpersonal Relationships 118
Developing Relationships 118
MaintainingRelationships 118
When Relationships Deteriorate 120
Motivations for Initiating, Maintaining, and Terminating Relationships 121
‘Motivations forinitiating Relationships 121
Motivations for Maintaining Relationships 122
Motivations forTerminatingRelationships 123
Essential Interpersonal Communication Behaviors 125
UsingAffectionate and Supportive Communication 125 “SmartBook helps me
Influencing Others 126
Developinga Unique Relationship 126 feel more‘Preparedfor
class.”
The Possibilities for Improvement 127
Bargaining 127
Maintaining BehavioralFlexibility 128
ChapterReview & Study Guide 130
Summary 130
Key Terms 130
‘Study Questions 130
Critical Thinking 131
RSeizfienrgeTnhciensgs U1p32Scoringand interpretation 131
DTCehhfeianIpimntpgoeCrrutla7tnucreesofSitn1ut3de9)rcYuintgtuIrnatelrcCuoltmumraulnCiocmmautniiocnatio1n36138
TheGoalsofNon-DominantCulturalComm,
InterEctuhlntuorcaelnCtroimsmmuni1c4a2tion Problems 144 uunication 140
Stereotyping 142
Prejudice 143
CharacteristicsofDifferentCuttures 144
individualisticVersusCollectivistCultures 144
Uncertainty-AcceptingVersus Uncertainty-RejectingCultures 146
On-TimeVersus Sometime Cultures 146
Strategies for Improving Intercultural Communication 147
Chapter Review & Study Guide 150
‘Summary 150
Key Terms 150 f|27
‘Study Questions 150
CriticalThinking 151
Sizing Things Up Scoringand Interpretation 154
References 152
Chapter 8 Small-Group Communication 154
The Importanceof Learning About Small Groups 156
Defining Small-Group Communication 158
big fan of
“Tam @ big Of The Types and Functions of Small Groups 159
emphashoiwzesSmatrhteBtooopikcs | EstablishingCulture in Small Groups 160
7 with.” The Development ofGroup Norms 160
The DevelopmentofRoles forGroup Members 162
Group Cohesiveness 164
The EffectofDiversityon Group Culture 166
TheRoleof Leadership in Small Groups 168
DefiningLeadership 168
Ways ofEnacting Leadership 169
Problem Solving and Decision Making 171.
Effective Group Problem Solving 172
OtherWork to Accomplish in Groups 174
Technology and Group Communication Processes 175
How to Communicate in Small Groups 177
Being an Ethical Group Member 178
Chapter Review & Study Guide 180
Summary 180
KeyTerms 180
Study Questions 181
Critical Thinking 181
‘Sizing Things Up Scoringand Interpretation 182
References 182
Contents
Chapter 9 Workplace Communication 184
DefiningWorkplace Communication 185
Types ofOrganizations 186
Communication Networks 187
Preparingfor the Job Market
Conducting a Self-inventory 188
Creatinga Personal Network 189
Searching fora Job 190
Preparing Cover Letters 191
Preparing Résumés and OtherCredentials 191

Preparingforthe Interview 195
GatherInformation “Reviewing with
GeneralInterviewing Strategies 196 SmartBookabout once
Answering QuestionsEffectively and Ethically 198 a weekis a good way to
Asking QuestionsEffectivelyand Ethically 199 refresh my memory.”
Preparingforillegal Questions 199
The Postinterview Stage 200
Communication Skills Needed on the Job 201
Workplace Communication Competence 201
Specific Workplace Communication Skills 202
Ethical Dimensionsin the Workplace 207
Aggressive Communication 207
Honesty 207
Sexual Harassment 208
Chapter Review & Study Guide 209
Summary 209
Key Terms 210
Study Questions 210
Critical Thinking 211
Sizing Things Up Scoring and Interpretation 211
References 211
Part 3 Fundamentals of Public Speaking
Chapter 10 Understanding Communication
Apprehension 214
Normal Speaker Anxiety 215.
WhatIs Communication Apprehension? 215
xi Contents