Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 1: Neuroimmunology and Neurogenetics PDF
Preview Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 1: Neuroimmunology and Neurogenetics
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1394 Nima Rezaei Sara Hanaei Editors Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 1 Neuroimmunology and Neurogenetics Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Volume 1394 Series Editors Wim E. Crusio, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine, CNRS and University of Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France Haidong Dong, Departments of Urology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA HeinfriedH.Radeke,InstituteofPharmacology&Toxicology,Clinicofthe Goethe University Frankfurt Main, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany Nima Rezaei , Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ortrud Steinlein, Institute of Human Genetics, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany Junjie Xiao, Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology provides a platform for scientificcontributionsinthemaindisciplinesofthebiomedicineandthelife sciences. This series publishes thematic volumes on contemporary research in the areas of microbiology, immunology, neurosciences, biochemistry, biomedicalengineering,genetics,physiology,andcancerresearch.Covering emerging topics and techniques in basic and clinical science, it brings together clinicians and researchers from various fields. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology has been publishing exceptionalworksinthefieldforover40years,andisindexedinSCOPUS, Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, BIOSIS, Reaxys, EMBiology, the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), and Pathway Studio. 2021 Impact Factor: 3.650 (no longer indexed in SCIE as of 2022) Nima Rezaei (cid:129) Sara Hanaei Editors Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 1 Neuroimmunology and Neurogenetics 123 Editors NimaRezaei SaraHanaei Department ofImmunology Department ofNeurosurgery SchoolofMedicine,UniversalScientific Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex Education andResearchNetwork Universal ScientificEducation (USERN) andResearch Network (USERN) Tehran University of Medical Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Sciences (TUMS) Tehran,Iran Tehran,Iran ISSN 0065-2598 ISSN 2214-8019 (electronic) Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology ISBN978-3-031-14731-9 ISBN978-3-031-14732-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringer NatureSwitzerlandAG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremains neutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland We would like to dedicate the book to our families, whose staunch encouragement and support made this whole work possible. May this book, through the joint collaboration of expert senior and junior scientists, light the path to better understanding and approaching the CNS tumors, leading to more favorable survival outcomes and quality of lives of patients. Foreword to the Book One may ask the question Why another book on brain and spinal cord tumors? Here, the answer lies in the question itself partially: There is no other such timely and comprehensive overview on these two entities, which share so many common features due to their intrinsically and ontologically common grounds from genetics and embryology to morphology and to diagnosis and treatment. The two volumes of “Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From BenchtoBedside”areproviding ajoint regardofboth brainandspinalcord tumors. That makes sense from a merely biological point of view already. Despitefrequentclinicallydisparatebehaviorofcertainintrinsictumors,such as,i.e.,low-gradegliomasofthebrainvs.astrocytomasofthespinalcord,it does not make sense to separate a scholarly view on both at the level of the foramenmagnum.Thebrainstemisanaturalextensionfromthebraincentral nervoustissuetothespinalcord.Whatishappeninginthistransitionalzone? What makes some biological and oncological aspects differ between intracranial and intraspinal CNS tumors? In addition,at this very junction, a whole variety of extrinsic and intrinsic tumors can be found, which require familiaritywith combined cranialandspinal surgicalapproachestothisarea of complex anatomical relationships. Volume 1 is dedicated to the Immunology and Genetics of tumors of the brain and the spine. Emerging technologies in tumor treatment, such as nanotechnology and medico-economic aspects, are equally included in Volume 1. Volume 2 is covering The Path to bedside Management. Hence, the intrinsic logic of the present book reflects this spirit of coherence. Interna- tionally renowned experts and with specific fields of expertise are following thesameorderandinternalorganizationoftheirchapter,fromepidemiology and biology to diagnostics and treatment. That includes sections on modern adjuvant therapy and complementary and experimental therapeutic modali- ties for each specific tumor entity and a section on neuropsychological aspects in addition. The inherent logic of these two volumes eludes on important steps in pre-surgical diagnostics and surgical treatment as well: Tissue imaging is following similar principles for cranial and spinal tumors. Both organs of interest are surrounded by thick layers of bone, and modern MRI sequences provide important structural and functional and metabolic information with high spatial resolution. In addition, white matter tract imaging and vii viii ForewordtotheBook spectroscopyareofgreatrelevancefortumorsaffectingeitherthebrainorthe spinal cord. Higher cerebral functions, as well as afferent and efferent somatosensory functioning, are at stake frequently, due to the intricate anatomical rela- tionship between tumor tissue and healthy CNS tissue. Meningeal and other extrinsictumorsmaybeattachedtotheduralsheathandadjacentbones,with subsequent encasement of peripheral cranial or spinal nerves. That may require complex surgical approaches in order to get the best angle of attack for surgical resection and thorough techniques for dural closure in order to avoid CSF leakage. Similar techniques and tools are required for optimal surgicaltreatment,bethatgentletissuehandlingormonitoringandmapping of neural integrity and functional preservation. Hence, by treating both cra- nial and spinal tumors together in a two-volume comprehensive book that endeavorisservinganimportanteducationalpurposeinaddition:tomaintain andtopromotetheexpertiseinthehandsofdedicatedteamswithinterestin surgical neuro-oncology and related neuro-scientific fields. I am confident thatmanyyoungandadvancedneurosurgeonsanddoctorsfromrelatedfields will acquire this book as a reference for their practice. The book stands for a sound intellectual and for a holistic approach to these complexpathologies. It also showsthat brain and spine surgeonshave common roots and interests and are one of a kind. The editors are to be commendedforitsinternalorganizationandfortheselectionofauthors.Iam sure that this book will serve as a reference in its field. Karl Schaller Professor and chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery Geneva University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine Geneva, Switzerland Co-founder of the SFITS (Swiss Foundation for Innovation and Training in Surgery) Preface to the Book EversinceIwasamedicalstudent,Iwasdeeplyconcernedandcuriousabout CNS tumors and the lives of patients with brain tumors. Although not very common in comparison to some other cancers, the tumors of CNS are con- sidered as one of the most critical cancers since they influence almost every aspectofthepatients’lives.Mostofthesepatients,whoareaffectedbybrain or spinal cord tumors, were healthy people with active productive lives, and sadlythediseasemayoftenresultintheirmortalityandmorbidityduetothe irreversible sequels to the CNS. As the CNS tissue is characterized by very lowregenerativeabilities,mostofthetumor-causedinsults,whetherdirector indirect, are permanent, which widely affect the personal, social, and finan- ciallivesofthepatients,inadditiontoanundeniablefinancialburdentothe societies. Therefore, theimportance of this matter was a driving force to me toputaneffortinthisfield,primarilyasastudent,asaresearcher,andthenas a resident and clinician. Facing some of these patients in the final stages of the disease and their families, it is always hard to tell how little can be practicallydonefortheirtreatment,anddespiteallthehopetheymayexpect tohearfromus,itisalwaysapainfulconversationtosaywehavecometoa standstill to cure them. Although one may think there is nothing more to be done for these kinds of diseases, or everything has already been studied, I believethatthereisalwayssomethingtobedone,nomatterhowlittle,butit might be a light in the darkness! Accordingly,thecurrentbookwasplannedtogatherknowledgeaboutthe brainandspinalcordtumorsinalmosteveryaspect.Ashighlyconcernedto provide a comprehensive reference in the field, we invited senior expert scientists, neurosurgeons, and clinicians to cover different chapters of this two-volume book. The first volume, Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: Neuro-immunology and Neuro-genetics, is mainly focused on the basic science aspects and economic impact of these tumors. Considering the importance of the brain and spinal cord tumors, many centers organized registriesforsurveillanceofCNStumors,whichhasbeenaninvaluableeffort indeterminingtheepidemiologicaspectsofthesetumors.However,itshould benotedthatdespitealloftheseadvancements,thereisstillmuchtobedone inmanypartsoftheworldtoorganizesurveillancesystemsforCNStumors. Therefore, the reported rates on incidence and prevalence of these tumors may underestimate the true epidemiology of brain and spinal cord tumors. ix x PrefacetotheBook The second chapter of this book discusses the epidemiology of brain and spinal cord tumors (Chap. 2). In brief, the occurrence of the human brain and/or spinal cord tumors starts at molecular levels involving different genetic and immunologic pathways. While the innate immunity has non-specific and general roles in the occurrence and progression of these tumors, the acquired immunity acts more specifically and therefore is considered as a more suitable target for immunotherapy of CNS tumors. The roles of innate and acquired immunity arediscussedindetailinChaps.3and4.Accordingly,andinadditiontothe standard therapeutic modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, immune-based therapies have opened a new era in the treat- ment of CNS cancers. The role of immunotherapy including non-specific immunotherapy, specific active immunotherapy (cancer vaccines), and specific passive immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies, oncolytic virus therapy, and CAR T cell therapy) are the main outlines in Chap. 5. Con- sidering different types of CNS tumors, one might wonder where these tumors come from, or which cellsmay undergo cancerous changes tocreate each type of these tumors. Interestingly, different types of CNS tumors are originated from different primary cells. Neural stem cells, committed pre- cursorcells,andmaturecellsareresponsibleforthecreationofdifferentCNS tumors.ThecelloforiginforCNStumorsisextensivelydiscussedinChap.6 .InadditiontotheroleofgeneticalterationsinthepathophysiologyofCNS cancers, epigenetic changes such as Histon methylation and modification, CpG island DNA methylation, and other epigenetic changes are responsible for the occurrence of these tumors as well, which are the main discussed outlines in Chap. 8. The tumor stem cells have been widely studied in the creation of different cancers as well as their role in possible therapeutic options, which have been discussed in Chap. 9. Moreover, nutritional sup- plements and diet may be considered as either risk factors or preventive factors for brain cancer. Also, diet may play a therapeutic role in the treat- mentofbraintumors.Theroleofnutritioninbrainandspinalcordtumorsis discussed in Chap. 10. Importantly, not only the scientists of biological and medical sciences, but also the scientists of mathematical and physical sci- ences arewidely involved inresearchfor CNScancers.Thisimportancehas resulted in advancements in bioinformatic studies in the area to better understand the nature of CNS tumors, as well as proposing possible thera- peutic plans. A good example of the role of bioinformatics in CNS cancer research is discussed in Chap. 7. Besides, the interdisciplinary combination of physical and biological sciences has resulted in advancements in the application of nanotechnology in the treatment of brain and spinal cord tumors,whichareseparatelydiscussedinChaps.11and12.And,thelastbut nottheleast,Chap.13ofthefirstvolumediscussedtheeconomicaspectsof CNS tumors and the socioeconomic burden of these tumors. Thesecondvolume,HumanBrainandSpinalCordTumors:ThePathto Bedside Management, focuses on clinical aspects of brain and spinal cord tumors and extensively discusses different types of these tumors. Purposing onprovidingcomprehensivechaptersinadditiontohavingtheminaunified pattern,thestructureofallchapterswasdesignedasfollows:(1)Background
The list of books you might like
