Human Body (Eyewitness Workbooks)

52 Pages·2007·5.62 MB·English

by  DK Publishing

EYEWITNESS WORKBOOKS
HUMAN BODY
by Claire Watts
Contents
LONDON, NEW YORK,
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI
4 How this book can help your child
Educational Consultant Linda B. Gambrell,
Distinguished Professor of Education,
Clemson University Fast facts
Project Editor Susan Malyan
Art Editor Peter Radcliffe
Senior Editor Jane Yorke
Senior Art Editor Owen Peyton Jones
Managing Editor Camilla Hallinan
Managing Art Editor Martin Wilson
Publishing Manager Sunita Gahir
Category Publisher Andrea Pinnington
DK Picture Library Claire Bowers, Rose Horridge
Production Controller Lucy Baker 6 Body components
DTP Designers Siu Chan, Andy Hilliard, Ronaldo Julien
Jacket Designer Neal Cobourne 7 The skeleton
8 Muscles
First published in the United States in 2007 by
DK Publishing 9 The brain and nerves
375 Hudson Street
New York, New York 10014 10 Senses
07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11 Heart and blood
ED516 – 05/07
12 Lungs and breathing
Copyright © 2007 Dorling Kindersley Limited
13 Digestion
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American
Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
for sales promotions, premiums, fundraising, or educational use.
For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets,
375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
[email protected]
A catalog record for this book is available from
the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-0-7566-3031-1
Color reproduction by Media Development Printing Limited, UK
Printed and bound by Hua Yang Printing Limited, China
Discover more at
www.dk.com
Activities Quick quiz
14 Body building blocks
15 Body systems
16 Big bones, small bones
18 Moving muscles
19 Fit and healthy 38 Cells, tissues, and organs
20 The brain 39 Bones, muscles, and exercise
21 Reflexes 40 Heart, blood, and lungs
22 Eyes and seeing 41 Stomach, intestines, and diet
23 Optical illusions 42 Brain, nerves, and senses
24 Ears and hearing 43 Hormones and growth
25 Skin and feeling
26 Pumping blood
27 Heart beats
28 Blood
29 Breathing
30 A balanced diet
31 Taste and smell
32 Teeth
33 What happens to your food?
34 Waste removal
35 Chemical messengers 44 Activity answers
36 Making 44 Quick quiz answers
babies
47 Progress chart
37 Human
48 Certificate
life cycle
Turn-to-learn wheel
Body organ facts
Human body record breakers
Parents’ notes
How this book can help your child
The Eyewitness Workbooks series offers a fun and colorful range
of stimulating titles on the subjects of history, science, and geography.
Specially designed to appeal to children of 9 years and up, each
workbook aims to:
• develop a child’s knowledge of a popular topic
• provide practice of key skills and reinforce classroom learning
• nurture a child’s special interest in a subject.
The series is devised and written with the expert advice
of an educational consultant and supports the
school curriculum.
About this book
Eyewitness Workbook Human Body is an activity-packed exploration
of how our bodies work. Inside you will find:
Fast facts
Fast facts
Body components Organs
Many components are working together to make your An organ is a part of the body This section presents key information as concise
body function. All the different processes that keep you made from two or more types of
aysmuloiacvuthere rahairsaee lay crcotaau lralrrne iededyd tbe iossr sauauitnn ebd,. y aAs skol lwir ngye.ao lnEul sarv seib nraoys di fdoeywre’sg yadoonirfug fiears rn bmeson aodtd uyte,it s ssusiudupcee ho,s fa s ttimbsiars suemskaussacke.dl .euF eE po tafir rscf osoehumxo eoad srme.,g p Baapinontlhedd h,e y liya itssoasy lusj soaprtn beesmdc tioi sfism tco a ch facts, which are easy to digest, learn, and
are built from microscopic cells. consist of several organs working
together. Your mouth, stomach,
Cells Tissues adnigde sintitvees tsiynsetse mm,a fkoer uepxa ymopulre . remember. Encourage your child to start by
Ttrhileli ohnu mlivainn gb ocedlyls c. oTnhtearine sa r1e0 0 Epithelial tissue Key facts
aidebpanCblnoore yoodd.yct tuo otFyecrp,tuco ial acat2rrvinsa 0vimbeltde 0xiose aeidcsdgmpo,yin ,ivfPs ptfaeuelheallarcresesice mh,lna hnin aarga t olewsm s tu rc yaeiyventmrpoehlodlbe u sucr as yrae nf nooojlldoleufurs b m ncrtc u egta olbsrl. re ys YitniostCsuourr oeg bs rsioos-sdu emypct’assi odtcchneeae tll uhllssetpr odoa muo rtgefaih s ccos hteurhlgeelsa sl n.it nhiEiznaaetgcd ho f ••••• YYYYYypoieooooonxouruuuuu ocutyrrrrr edroc s hbllkuaubsuivriecr rodnwabaee dbingrsronat yslentpt o . ypehct roardsouood kinfumrco.reeetgox rmpsihomisnsdtole ss ebsovy .. ylexo too hyuwougerda er nb snabtul reooato ordnauidnyden.n d adgt ni sv de rtheaed Finasgt tfharcotsu gsehc ttihoen v aanluda sbtlued iynifnogrm thaeti ostna tiinst i cs
Nucleus hpexaeavrfmeo rtphmlee , a st ahsmpee eec psifitirtchu jecoltiuba.rl e Ft iaosnsr ude that Brain on the Turn-to-learn wheel before trying out
lines your intestines is made up Lung Heart
of tightly packed epithelial cells.
CKroesys- sfeacctitosn through a human cell Iatg pairnosvti dmeisc rao porrogtaencitsimves binar froieord . Liver Stomach the activities.
• Most cells have a central nucleus Key facts
which directs the cell’s activities. • Nerve tissue controls your body. It
• Tach yjeteo lnlpyullaickslmeeu m.s aist esruiarlr ocualnledde d by • Micsou frsodcu,l ena ndtid sisn nu yeero evunersa .bbrleasin t,h sep pinaartl s of Skin
•• TCpcheelallells sscm .sy Tpato hlmipits lei anmmstmaobk r tiaewsns c oeyo .otnout arm ibnaoekddey bn gyer wao w •• ECyapololin utyhnro eebulcoirta diblv yote i dtstosiysu ’smse uo ocervo gsevau.en prsps. oarntds ylionuers K(laooiftinw dttshhneiedere eybrb sioatbhdcseky, )
and provides replacements for body, and includes cartilage,
worn-out cells. bone, fat, and blood. Body organs
 Activities Activities
0066__0077__EEDD551166__FFaassttFFaaccttss22_.iUnSdd.i n d6d 6 121/297/2/0/067 1 31::4066::4275 pAmM Body building blocks
Your body is made up of about 200 different types
The enjoyable, fill-in activities are designed to develop of cell. Each type of cell has a particular job and its
shape is suited to that job. For example, skin cells fit
closely together to provide a protective layer around the
outside of your body. Skin cells
information recall and help your child practice cross-
Cell shapes
Find five cell stickers and match them to the right captions.
referencing skills. Each activity can be completed using
1. A nerve cell carries electrical signals
information provided on the page, in the Fast facts section, 2.Red bloaolodn cge iltlss laorneg d, etnhtined a xon.
dfoirs kasb, sworitbhin lgar ogxe ysguernfa.ce areas 3m.a Ad em ouf ssctrleip ceedl l is
bundles of closely
or on the Turn-to-learn wheel. Your child should work packed fibers.
systematically through the book and tackle just one or two 4bjdoo.ei vndAesy l f’sowe pmliat irahngl eteao s es tagp c gebe rlacmlb.e l,yI l.fi tii stm thaye 5rtao.i ulA nf odmr baslowed ismyp amenridmn gw c.helipl lhikase a
Cells and tissues puzzle Did you know?
activity topics in a session. Encourage your child by checking CUisrec lteh eth ien fcoorrmreactti ofanc ot nto t hcoism ppalgeete a enadc ho ns epnatgene c6e taob hoeultp c yeollus .and tissues. Socaonnmly l eat hsctre eylleos udinra ywysoh. uoArl ebi nrliatfeienstti imcneeell . last
1.Each type of tissue is made up ofhundreds of types /
just one type / at least two typesof cell.
answers together and offering extra guidance when necessary. 2. Your body contains around 2 / 20 / 200 types of cell.
3.A muscle / white blood / sperm cell has a tail for swimming.
4. Each of your body’s organs is made up of a single type / just two
types / two or more types of tissue. Intestinal cells
14
1144__1155__5B1o6d_yU_ASc.itnivditdie s 124.indd 14 119/8/2/0/077 1 30::5103::5046 pPmM

Parents’ notes
Quick quiz
Quick quiz
Heart, blood, and lungs
There are six pages of multiple-choice questions to
Checkornumbertheboxestoanswereachquestion.Checkyouranswersonpage46.
1Whatsubstancedoesblood 2Yourheartisaboutthe 3Checkalltheitemsyou
pickupinyourlungs? samesizeas: wouldfindinyourheart: test your child’s newfound knowledge of the subject.
a.water a.yourbigtoe a.adiaphragm
b.redbloodcells b.yourfist b.aventricle
cd..ocaxrybgoenndioxide cd..aabsouccckeertball cd..aancoactrhiulema Children should only try answering the quiz
4Yourpulseis: 5Howmuchblooddoesan 6Whichoftheseisnota
abc...abyabyanoollhhoouuiiaooggrruddhhvat--orfleflpptmiooenrrwwreeasissteiissinnscuuggrrmeetthhossrrvuuooerruumggggeeehhoonfft a abcdd....u2491lt¼½8’pspibppnioiintnndstttys(ss5(c((1o12li0n..t25etlar5iiltsnie)tlr?ietsre)sr)s) c abcdeo.....mwrbppeplllhduaaostientebmeelblenoabltootsloodoodfcdbecllecollesollsdls? qcoumesptiloentesd o. nAcse y aollu or fc thhield a fictnivisihtye ss eecatciohn p hagaes boef en
ofyourdiaphragm
d.pblaorotdofflaovweiinngthbaactkstwoaprsd 7Carheepcakrtalolfthyoeuitrermessptihraattory 8Nshuomwbwerhtahtihsaspepqeunesncaeftetor
system: youbreatheairintoyour themed questions, check the answers together.
a.sclera lungs:
b.bronchus a.Oxygen-poorbloodflows
c.lungs backtoyourheart.
d.trachea b.Oyoxuyrgleunn-rgischflobwlosotdofyrooumr
heartandispumped
aroundyourbody.
9Tluhnegtsinaryeaciralsleadcs:inyour 10Yousneezewhen: c.Oyoxuyrgleunnfgrsompasthseesaiinrtion
abcd....aalroilrbvbteseerosileis abcd....yddyyyoooouuuuuussttr’vnaiinernreeroebiydsfteeaoeeettuneolrisngrwtugehitnteninrdriiiednpndsigoipdffeaesotf de..yYotYtbohoooxloeuuuyyogrrroodeuxbhb.nyrloe-ogadlpoueryontdnotp.gfirrussos.bmumloeposysdouusberacukp
40
4400__4411__EEDD551166__qquuiicckkqquuiizz_.iUnSdd.i n d4d0 40 119/2/27//0077 47::0416::2297 pAmM
3 Answers and Progress chart
PROGRESS CHART
All the answers are supplied in full at the Chart your progress as you work through the activity and quiz pages in this book.
First check your answers, then stick a gold star in the correct box below.
Page Topic Star Page Topic Star Page Topic Star
back of the book, so no prior knowledge 14 Bodby lbocukilsding 24Ears and hearing 34 Waste removal
of the subject is required. 15 Body systems 25 Skin and feeling 35 mCehsesemnigcearls
16 sBmiga lbl obnoense,s 26 Pumping blood 36 Making babies
Use the Progress chart to motivate your child 17 sBmiga lbl obnoense,s 27 Heart beats 37Human life cycle
and be positive about his or her achievements. 18 Moving muscles 28 Blood 38 Caenllds, otrisgsauness,
19 Fit and healthy 29 Breathing 39 Boanneds ,e mxeurcsicslees,
On the completion of each activity or quiz
20 The brain 30 A balanced diet 40 Haenardt ,l ubnlogosd,
topic, reward good work with a gold star. 21 Reflexes 31 Taste and smell 41intestSitnoems,a acnhd, diet
22 Eyes and seeing 32 Teeth 42 Braanidn ,s nenersveess,
23 Optical illusions 33Whyaot uhra fpopoedn?s to 43 Horgmroownetsh and
4477__EEDD551166__HHuummaannBBooddyy_.iUndSd.i n d4d7 47 192/23//017/0 7 4 : 0121::5305 :p0m2
Certificate
There is a certificate of achievement at the
eyewitness workBooks
Human Body
back of the book for your child to fill in,
CERTIFICATE OF remove, and display on the wall.
EXCELLENCE
(Namef)o..rC. .s..u(A.owc.a.cr.dne .d.ast.es.)g.f..u...r.l..l.y.a... ..ct..o..u..m......pl...la..e...t.t.i..n.i...go... .t..h.n...i..s..s. .b.... o...t.o..ok.. .o..n..... A raetwe afrondr, ctyeeosaruprti lfiotaouyc. tfio, lnal niydo udri wall Theto Toul,r np-atcok-eleda rwni twhTh fueaesrcln ii-nst aoat- ilfneugan rf nalec awtrsnh aiennedgl
records about the body. Happy learning!
4488__EEDD551166__HHuummaannBBooddyy_.iUndSd.i n d4d8 48 192/23//017/0 7 4 : 0141::2564 :p2m5
Important information
• For the taste test on page 31, avoid foods to which the taster may be They could look at their own skin with a magnifying glass, for example.
allergic. All other activities in this book can be carried out without adult
• If your child shows a particular interest in one of the topics, try extending
supervision, although the activity on page 28 needs an adult to take part.
some of the activities. For example, your child could keep a food diary of all
• Encourage your child to conduct their own simple investigations. the food he or she eats, then see if it fits with the food pyramid on page 30.

Fast facts
Body components
Organs
Many components are working together to make your An organ is a part of the body
body function. All the different processes that keep you made from two or more types of
tissue. Each organ has specific
alive are carried out by organs inside your body, such as
tasks. For example, your stomach
your heart and brain, as well as a few organs outside,
is made from epithelial and
such as your eyes and skin. Every organ is made up of
muscle tissues, and its job is to
material called tissue. All your body’s different tissues
break up food. Body systems
are built from microscopic cells. consist of several organs working
together. Your mouth, stomach,
Cells Tissues and intestines make up your
digestive system, for example.
The human body contains 100
Epithelial tissue
trillion living cells. There are Key facts
about 200 different types of cell
• Your heart pumps blood around
in your body, each with a job to
your body.
do. For example, nerve cells carry
• Your brain controls your body and
electrical signals around your
produces thoughts.
body, and epithelial cells form
• Your lungs take in oxygen and give
protective coverings around tubes
out carbon dioxide.
and cavities, such as your lungs. Cross-section through the lining of
the stomach • Your liver processes the nutrients
in your blood.
Plasma membrane Your body’s cells are organized
• Your kidneys remove waste and
Cytoplasm into groups called tissues. Each
excess water from your blood.
tissue is made up of cells that
Nucleus have the same structure and
Brain
perform a specific job. For
example, the epithelial tissue that
lines your intestines is made up Lung Heart
of tightly packed epithelial cells.
It provides a protective barrier
Cross-section through a human cell Stomach
against microorganisms in food. Liver
Key facts
Key facts
• Most cells have a central nucleus
which directs the cell’s activities. • Nerve tissue controls your body. It
is found in your brain, spinal
• The nucleus is surrounded by
cord, and nerves.
a jellylike material called
Skin
cytoplasm. • Muscle tissue enables the parts of
• The cytoplasm is contained by a your body to move. Kidneys
(inside the
plasma membrane. • Epithelial tissue covers and lines
lower ribs,
• Cells split into two to make new all your body’s organs. at the back
of the body)
cells. This makes your body grow • Connective tissue supports your
and provides replacements for body, and includes cartilage,
worn-out cells. bone, fat, and blood. Body organs

Fast facts
The skeleton
Joints
Your body is supported by a strong framework of bones, Your bones meet at joints. At a
called your skeleton. These bones also protect your soft joint, the bone’s surface is
covered with slippery cartilage
inner tissues and organs. Bones are hard and inflexible,
and lubricated with synovial
but they can move at the points where they meet, called
fluid, which help it to move
joints. Bones vary in size and shape, depending on their
smoothly. Most joints are held
purpose, from the massive weight-bearing bones in your together with bands called
legs, to the tiny ear bones that help you to detect sound. ligaments. Some joints, such as
your knees, allow movement in
Skeletal system Bones just one direction. Other joints,
such as your shoulders, allow
Skull The strongest part of a bone is many different movements.
Spine Jaw the hard, outer layer, which is
Types of joints
called compact bone. Inside a
Ulna
bone is a soft, fatty tissue called
Radius
marrow. The ends of bones are
Ribs
Humerus
filled with air pockets, to make
Pelvis
Femur them strong but light. Tough
cords, called tendons, attach
bones to the muscles that control
Fibula
their movement.
Tibia
Hinge joint, Ball and socket joint,
such as knee such as shoulder
Human skeleton Key facts
There are 206 bones in an adult’s
• Bones are made from living tissue,
body. Each bone links with others
and, like other tissues, their cells
to form the skeletal system, or
are continually breaking down
skeleton. Your spine runs from and renewing themselves.
the base of your skull to the base
• The marrow in certain bones
of your pelvis. All your other produces new blood cells.
bones are arranged symmetrically Pivot joint, Ellipsoidal joint,
• Bones store the mineral calcium
such as skull such as wrist
on either side of your body. which is used to make your on spine
nerves and muscles function.
Key facts Key facts
• The spine, skull, and rib cage • Joints with the smallest variety of
make up the axial skeleton. Its movement, such as your knees,
main function is to protect organs. Air pockets are the strongest.
• The arms, shoulders, legs, and • Joints with a large variety of
pelvis form the appendicular movement, such as your
skeleton. These bones mainly Compact bone shoulders, are much weaker and
allow the body to move. may dislocate or slip.
Marrow
• The shoulder blades and hips • The bones of your skull meet at
link the appendicular skeleton fixed joints, which allow no
to the spine. Cross-section of bone movement at all.

Fast facts
Muscles
Movement
Beneath your skin, your body’s flesh is made up of layers
Biceps muscle
contracts Triceps
of strong, fibrous tissue, called muscle. Every movement
muscle
relaxes
your body makes depends on muscles, from automatic
movements, such as breathing, to movements you
control consciously, such as chewing. Muscle movements
are triggered by electrical impulses from your brain.
Forearm
Muscles Skeletal muscles bends
Triceps
Your muscles are made of thick Most of the muscles in your body
contracts
bundles of overlapping fibers. are skeletal muscles. These
Each fiber contains tiny parallel muscles have long fibers that can Biceps
relaxes
strands, called myofibrils. Nerve contract quickly and powerfully.
signals make the myofibrils Some skeletal muscles are tiny,
Tendon
contract, so that the muscle fibers such as the muscles that move Forearm
straightens
become shorter and tighter. This your eyeballs. Others are huge,
produces a pulling force which such as the triangular deltoid
moves the bone or organ that the muscle that moves your shoulder.
muscle is attached to.
Bending and straightening the arm
Key facts
Muscle
fiber
• There are more than 600 skeletal Most skeletal muscles are
muscles in your body. They make attached to two or more bones.
up 40 percent of your weight. They stretch from one bone to
Bundle of
• The layer of muscles just below the other across a joint. When a
muscle fibers
your skin is called surface or muscle contracts, it pulls on the
superficial muscle. Muscles below bones it is attached to, creating
this are called deep muscles.
Myofibril movement. Most muscles work
in pairs, with one muscle in the
Surface muscles pair contracting while the other
Structure of muscle
one relaxes.
Deep
Key facts muscles
Key facts
• Skeletal muscles make movements
which are consciously controlled • Skeletal muscles are attached to
by your brain, such as walking. bones by tough cords, called
• Smooth muscles perform your tendons.
body’s automatic functions, such • When your body is not moving,
as pushing food along your all your muscles are partially
digestive system. contracted, to hold your body
• Throughout your life, cardiac in position.
(heart) muscle contracts every • Muscles cannot push. They can
fraction of a second to keep your only pull bones toward or away
Major
heart beating. muscles from each other.