Human Body Encyclopedia

124 Pages·2010·16.26 MB·English

Human Body
Encyclopedia
A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK
Contents
LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH,
MELBOURNE, and DELHI
Human body
Senior editor Penny Smith 4-5 Your amazing body
Senior art editor Cheryl Telfer
6-7 What makes you you?
8-9 Building blocks
Editors Ben Morgan, Zahavit Shalev
10-11 Organizing the body
Additional design Jacqueline Gooden,
Tory Gordon-Harris, Claire Patane, Laura Roberts Skeleton and bones
Illustrator Peter Bull
12-13 Skeleton
Digital illustrator Pilar Morales
14-15 Head case
Consultants DrPenny Preston,DrFrances Williams
16-17 Bendy backbone
Publishing manager Sue Leonard 18-19 Living bone
Managing art editor Clare Shedden 20-21 Bone and cartilage
Jacket design Victoria Harvey
22-23 Moving joints
Picture researchers Marie Ortu, Rob Nunn
Production controller Shivani Pandey Moving muscles
DTP designer Almudena Díaz 24-25 The body’s muscles
First published in Great Britain in 2005 by 26-27 How muscles work
Dorling Kindersley Limited
28-29 Muscle power
80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
A Penguin Company Brain and senses
2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 30-31 Headquarters
Copyright © 2005 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London 32-33 Network of nerves
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be 34-35 Touchy feely
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
36-37 Taste and smell
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior 38-39 Look out!
written permission of the copyright owner.
40-41 How we see
A catalogue record for this book
42-43 Eye to brain
is available from the British Library.
44-45 Listen here
ISBN 1-4053-0848-6
46-47 Balancing act
Colour reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore
Printed and bound in China by Toppan
Discover more at
www.dk.com
2
Test yourself with the questions at the bottom of each page...
Heart and blood RReepprroodduuccttiioonn aanndd ggrroowwtthh
48-49 Blood flow 9944--9955 MMaakkiinngg aa bbaabbyy
50-51 Boom boom 9966--9977 GGrroowwiinngg iinn tthhee wwoommbb
52-53 All about blood 9988--9999 DDoouubbllee ttrroouubbllee
54-55 Blood cells
LLiiffee ccyyccllee
56-57 Bumps and cuts
110000--110011 TThhee eeaarrllyy yyeeaarrss
58-59 Hormones
110022--110033 GGrroowwiinngg uupp
Lungs and breathing 110044--110055 GGrroowwiinngg oollddeerr
60-61 Air bags
KKeeeeppiinngg hheeaalltthhyy
62-63 Air and oxygen
110066--110077 WWhhaatt’’ss iinn ffoooodd??
64-65 Making sounds
110088--110099 SSlleeeepp
66-67 Ah-choo!
111100--111111 DDooccttoorrss aanndd ddeennttiissttss
Skin, nails, and hair
CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn
68-69 All wrapped up
111122--111133 BBooddyy llaanngguuaaggee
70-71 At your fingertips
111144--111155 UUssee yyoouurr hhaannddss
72-73 Fairly hairy
111166--111177 EExxpprreessss yyoouurrsseellff
Fighting disease
RReeffeerreennccee sseeccttiioonn
74-75 Germs
111188--111199 AAmmaazziinngg ffaaccttss aabboouutt YYOOUU!!
76-77 Body defences
112200--112211 TThhrroouugghh tthhee aaggeess
78-79 Fighting germs
112222--112233 GGlloossssaarryy
80-81 Allergies
112244--112277 IInnddeexx
Digestive system 112288 AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttss
82-83 Digestive system
84-85 Chew it over Coloured discs contain
facts about special topics,
86-87 From mouth to stomach Circles show
such as taste.
close-up images
88-89 Inside the intestines
you might not
Brain andsenses Taste andsmell
otherwise be able Taste andsmell RWuhnenny y nouo sheave a cold, tiny
Urinary system to see. Wsurev niveeed, btuo te taats aten adn ddr isnmke tllo DT– hbiefirtfetee arre,r esn oftiuv rte,a tsysaptlteeyss, osfw taeestte,s hwwyaoiatuifhrrts i mnningou scsyemuo asue.nlr lTd np hmoaissrae ts kitgceoelspet ssic t dl todhegieefgpmfei dcinutlto aratehYn leodi nu tmkrh erondouo atasthet.
are what make these everyday and umami. to smell – and taste – things.
90-91 Waterworks activTiatisetse sdoe etnecjotoyrable. cMBoioftfsteete rp c ofaoisnoo dnbsse, absuraecd hb f iaottrse yr.o u. SMeuncshi toifv weh nato wsee
92-93 The stretchy bladder Yirneoc ucolrgu ntsoitzenergssu aoef p itsaa arst tbiec iubg lumadrus k.s ciEnlaed cc hoof vc telauresstdtee.r SScaahaoasna ndsulw t “rbved gelifloen o ftnaeooeegsduc atsnooir nfndi.fn g ”Ftoc hotnltaueoa sdtdsthtto eeete n hsl begl aisumuptodesou.snr. thinTkah conetf ou byasaaeosl c ulityksra lssmoitmnfeo k yeuilesotld.hu rtsoo
“Get into it” activity a–S twmtreialekctt –fuo isos.d sOsw unerae ftti.ur srta lfloyod yyoyuoou ucr a cfnho eoswmd eailtsl.
buttoynosou u sctha ofnow rt ryyyoo uuth rhisneoglwfs. BiStStoaeosulrtsunrtwg hyaeasgoeran utle oetaTro,nr trn t ty Slhiodednw enm pii ecfrgsnuefsoooetu.ttnf rmtefNei e.nojne euogI t.itwp c ipelt taal,ta crscyeteesss wyboaumuSsdhraoosr Telfu enaisobSvct saoheooyaltdttv go ewd.ineu niTreibsr z es yhutetnoi01,ooe 0dn0l d un0vtsyfihtrgoeSf aefuostoseau dtebrrs.eeu tTnembta psfultsaed vbsouudarssr.etsUaamscuotcerae no maaf ntifm odoios m dtmshuy esli heksoraedo vuosoomruystr.y o ngue. SomeSSpnmeoecrislealec lro secgecncleiilnzpsa e tdt nohsecreese prdan eiiitrrn ce.ps coTaitdglrhy.etneis csylitlzelooee e ucsy 1emrofs0l lultn,o0snr0oea r0e fldifstbienirnkagi n.
36 How much saliva does an average person produce in a day? .sertilillim 0051-0001 37
About this book
This book has special features that will
show you how to get your hands on as
much information as possible! Use the
“become an expert” buttons to find out
more about a subject on other pages.
3
!ereh srewsna eht dnif syawla lliw uoY
Human body
Your amazing body
Become
The greatest machine you’ll ever own is
an expert...
your body. It’s more complicated
on the skeleton,
than any computer, it
pages 12-13
lasts for a lifetime, and on digestion,
pages 82-83
it’s yours for free.
Body parts
Your body is made up
of hundreds of different
Hair
parts. You probably know
the names of the bits you Forehead
s Inside your body
can see, but there are ar
E Eyebrows Doctors can see
many more hidden
inside your body
deep inside you. with special cameras.
eks Nose Eyes X-ray cameras take
e
h pictures of hard body
C
parts like bones. Other
Lips
cameras, called scanners,
Teeth can see soft body parts.
ds Fingers
n
a
H
Two of everything
Body parts often come
in pairs. You have Wrists
two feet, two eyes,
two ears, two lungs,
and so on. This
means you have
a handy spare in
case one of them
gets damaged.
A chest X-ray shows the bones in
your chest. The white shape in the
middle is the heart.
4
What do we call the study of the human body?
Your amazing body
Water, water Curiosity quiz
Water is the most
Take a look at the first
important chemical
few pages in this book
in your body. About
two-thirds of your and see if you can
weight is water.
find these pictures.
The ingredients
Your body is made of just
a few simple chemicals,
plus water.
Carbon is the chemical
in diamonds and coal.
A fifth of you is carbon.
Iron makes your blood
red. You have enough to
make one small iron nail.
Phosphorus is in the
tips of matches, as well
as your bones and teeth.
Robot
Sodium and chlorine
make salt. Blood is one-
third as salty as sea water.
No substitute
The human body is too
Potassium is used in
complicated for robots to some types of soap. It’s
copy. Robots can copy the also in your body fluids.
way we walk, but they
Nitrogen is important in
can’t think or feel like we do.
muscles. It’s also the main
ingredient in air.
Being human
Chimps have Compared to chimps,
Although we look different to
hands like ours. our bodies look almost
hairless. animals, our bodies are similar
Chimpanzee on the inside. Our closest
animal relatives are
chimpanzees.
5
.ymotanA
Human body
What makes you you?
All human bodies work the same way, but everyone
is different. Nobody looks, sounds, or thinks exactly
like you. You’re different because of the way your
genes and experience shape you as you grow up.
Fair skin
Green eyes
Curly hair
Black hair
Unique
The shape of your face,
the colour of your hair,
and many other things
make you unique –
Freckles
different from
everyone else.
6
How many genes are there in the human body?
What makes you you?
In the genes
Genes are instructions that
build your body and tell it
how to work. Your genes
control many of the things
that make you unique,
like the colour of
your eyes or how
tall you’ll be.
There’s
e
n This girl has a gene that allows g e t intoi
o her to roll up her tongue. The t
u boy doesn’t have the gene,
DNA g so he can’t roll his tongue. Look in a
h
Your genes DNAinsi mirror and see if you
d
e
are stored in y can roll your tongue. Don’t
o
a chemical called u cheat by squeezing it with
t
o
DNA, which looks like a your lips. Test your
s
t
twisted ladder with four r family to see who
e
different types of rung. tc has the gene.
htot
The rungs make up a he
four-letter alphabet that S
u
spells out your genes, n
a
like letters in a book. ndback
DNA can 4
0
split and 0
t
copy itself. i
m
e
s
.
Learning to ride
a bike changes your
brain and your
body.
Changing body
Genes don’t control
everything – experience
In the family also shapes you.
Your genes came from your parents. If you exercise a
Half come from your mother and lot, for instance,
half come from your father. If your body gets
you look like your parents, it’s stronger.
because you share the same genes.
7
.000,03 tuobA
Human body
Building blocks
Every part of your body is made of
tiny building blocks called cells, which
fit together like bricks in a wall. Cells
are so small that hundreds could fit
on the point of a pin.
The nucleus DNA is
controls the rest stored in
of the cell. the cell
nucleus.
The inside of
a cell is packed
with a kind of
A
living jelly called
N
cytoplasm. D The skin on your
fingertips is made
of lots of small
ridges.
Inside a cell
In the middle of a cell
is its control centre – the
nucleus. The nucleus sends
instructions to the rest of
the cell, telling the cell
what chemicals to make.
Before a cell divides,
the nucleus splits to
make two nuclei.
The outer skin, or
membrane, stops
things leaking out.
Tiny generators
provide cells with
power.
Making new cells
A cell makes new cells by dividing.
The two new cells are half the size,
but they soon grow back. Millions of The new cells pull apart
and separate, but they
your cells die every second, but millions
usually stay close
of others divide to replace them. neighbours.
8
How many cells are there in the human body?
Building blocks
How big are cells?
M o r e than 2000de
a
Cells are too small to see with the d
s
ki
n
naked eye, but scientists can
c
e
ll
photograph them through s
f
e
l
powerful microscopes. l
o
f
The cells on your skin f
y
are about a hundredth o
u
of a millimetre wide. w
h
i
l
e
y
o
u
r
e
a
d
t
h
i
s
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
.
The cells on
the surface of
your skin are tough
and flat. They overlap to
A microscope can
form layer of armour that
zoom in to see the
protects the softer cells below.
tiny, flaky cells on the
ridges of
a person’s fingerprint.
Cells make tissue
Your body contains
hundreds of different
types of cells that do
different jobs. Cells of
Fat cells are Many blood cells Nerve cells are thin Bone cells make
the same type usually
bubble shaped. are red. They carry and wiry. They your bones hard.
They store fat oxygen around the carry electrical They live in tiny group together to form
under your skin. body. signals. holes in bones.
tissue. Fat, muscle,
bone, and nerves are
types of tissue. Blood
is a liquid tissue.
9
.noillirt 001 tuobA
Human body
Organizing
Systems
Organs and
the body tissues work in
teams to carry out
major tasks, like
Your cells and tissues are transporting blood
organized into larger body or processing food.
These teams are
parts called organs. In turn,
called systems.
your organs work together
The heart is the largest
to form body systems.
organ in
the blood system.
It pumps blood around
Kidney
the body.
Heart
Brain
The tubes that carry
Organs blood away from the
heart are called
An organ is a body part that arteries (shown in
red).
does a specific job. Your heart’s
The tubes that
job, for instance is to pump
carry blood back to
blood. Kidneys clean blood. the heart are called
veins (shown in
blue).
Heart and blood
Organ transplant Your heart, blood, and
If a vital organ stops working, doctors blood vessels make up
may replace it with an organ from another the blood system. It
person. This is called a transplant. transports vital supplies
around your body.
10
Which body system makes your stomach rumble?