Human Biomechanics and Injury Prevention

269 Pages·2000·18.956 MB·English

by  Murray Mackay (auth.), Janusz Kajzer, Eiichi Tanaka, Hiroshi Yamada (eds.)

Springer Japan KK
J. Kajzer, E. Tanaka, H. Yamada
(Eds.)
Human Biomechanics and
Injury Prevention
With2I7Figures,Including3inColor
, Springer
JANUSZKAJZER
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
GraduateSchoolofEngineering
Nagoya University
KabimecConsulting
Egnahemsvagen I,S-444 41Stenungsund,Sweden
EUCHITANAKA
DepartmentofMechano-Informaticsand Systems
GraduateSchoolofEngineering
Nagoya University
Furo-cho,Chikusa-ku,Nagoya464-8603.Japan
HIROSHIYAMADA
Department ofMicro System Engineering
GraduateSchoolofEngineering
Nagoya University
Furo-cho,Chikusa-ku,Nagoya464-8603,Japan
ISBN 978-4-431-66969-2 ISBN 978-4-431-66967-8(eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-66967-8
Printed onacid-free paper
© SpringerJapan2000
OriginallypublishedbySpringer-VerlagTokyoin2000.
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Preface
Human biomechanics isan importantresearchfield inachievingsafety, health, comfort, and
ahighquality oflifeina world where theoldergeneration soon willoutnumbertheyounger
generation. Recently there have been significantdevelopmentsinthis new fieldofresearch,
addressing such issues as injury prevention in various types ofaccidents, the causes of
human bodily dysfunction, function recovery through medical care and training, and func
tional reinforcement bysports. These issues are studiedon the basis of the biomechanicsof
the cells, tissues, organs, and systems of the human body.
Toachieve the aim ofproviding support for betterlives from the aspectofmechanical
engineering,theHumanLifeSupport BiomechanicsEndowed ChairattheGraduate Schoolof
Engineering at Nagoya University was established more than 3 years ago with adonation
from the Toyota MotorCorporation.Since that time, we have been conducting intensive
research in the field as well as trying to publicize our work inJapan.The results ofour
research have been presented at conferences both at home and abroad.Wehave also en
deavoredtounderscore theimportanceofthefieldbyorganizingsymposiumswithcarefully
designed programs.
Asaresult,theFirstandSecond SymposiumonHuman LifeSupport Biomechanicswere
heldatNagoya University in 1997and 1998,andboth proved tobearesoundingsuccessand
sourceofsatisfaction.Therefore,in 1999wecouldextend theprogram oftheSymposiumand
invite 18prominentresearchers from around the world forplenary and keynote lecturesas
well as another 18distinguished researchers topresent papers.
As the scope of human biomechanics is very wide-ranging, we include reviews inthe
selected fieldsoftraffic safety,impact biomechanics,biomechanicsofbiological tissues and
cells, orthopedic biomechanics, and welfare engineering.The reviews represent important
technical aspects ofthestatus ofpresent research inthese fields.The 18plenary and keynote
lectures wereselectedby theScientificCommitteeoftheSymposium toachieve abalanced
agenda of topics at the forefront ofthese fast-developing new areas of research. The 18
contributedpapers were selectedinasimilarmanner.
This book wasproducedtodocumentthe presentationsatthe 1999International Human
LifeSupportBiomechanicsSymposium,andtoofferthemostup-to-date information fromthe
field.
Janusz Kajzer
EiichiTanaka
HiroshiYamada
v
Contents
Preface V
Contributors XI
Perspectiveon ImpactBiomechanics from Traffic AccidentAnalysis
M.Mackay .
BiomechanicsandItsImpactonHumanLife:FromGene ExpressiontoOrganPhysiology
R.M.Nerem 13
RecentAdvancesin the Biomechanicsofthe Head and Neck
A.I.King,K.H.Yang 21
The Tibia Index:AStep intheRight Direction
J.R.Crandall,J.R.Funk,R.W.Rudd,L.1.Tourret 29
The BiomechanicsofFrontal andLateralCollision
D.Kallieris 41
InfluenceofHuman Spinal DeformationonMinorNeck Injuries for
Low Speed RearImpacts
K.Ono,S.Inami, K.Kaneoka, Y. Kisanuki 51
"Hybrid" ApproachtoModellingofBiomechanicalSystems
C.Rzymkowski . 59
CurrentStatus ofFinite ElementHumanModel Using PAM-CRASH
Y.Matsuoka, K.Ando .. 65
Finite ElementModel forSimulationofMuscleEffects onKinematic
ResponsesofCervicalSpineinLow-SpeedRear-EndImpacts
A.Wittek, K.Ono,J.Kajzer 71
ABiomechanicalP.E.E.E.P.Show
R.H.Eppinger 77
The DevelopmentofChestProtection
X.Trosseille,1.-Y.Foret-Bruno, E.Song,P.Baudrit 85
The Activitiesand Research Projectsofthe Ministry ofTransportand
Traffic Safety & Nuisance Research Institute
Y.Nanto 93
VII
VIII Contents
OptimizedBelt Systems for Frontand RearSeatPassengers
H.Zellmer,S.Luhrs,K.Briiggernann 105
DevelopmentofaFiniteElementModelofthe HumanLowerExtremity forAssessing
AutomotiveCrashInjury Potential
A Tamura, K.Furusu,M.Iwamoto,e.Kato, K.Miki,J.Hasegawa III
DevelopmentofaHuman AnklelFootModel
Y.Kitagawa,H.Ichikawa,AI. King,P.e.Begeman 117
The BehaviorofBicyclistinAccidents with Cars
T.Maki, J.Kajzer,T.Asai.. 123
Mechanical Influenceson Skeletal Regeneration
D.R.Carter,E.G.L.Polefka,G.S.Beaupre 129
SoftTissuesand TheirFunctional Repair
D.L.Bader 137
An Application ofthe PipetteTechniqueto the MeasurementofLocal Mechanical
PropertiesofAortic Walls
M.Sato,T.Matsumoto,T.Ohashi 147
LocationsofBoneFormation ChangeAccordingto the Waveform ofLoads
-HypotheticMechanismofCellstoDetectMechanical EnvironmentofBone-
K.Takakuda,H.Matsumoto,J.Ohtsuka,K.Nagashima,T.Koizumi,H.Miyairi ....... 155
ActiveStressModelsofCardiacMuscle, SmoothMuscleand Skeletal Muscle
H.Yamada,E.Tanaka 161
DevelopmentofHigh-SpeedTensileTest System forLigamentsand SkeletalMuscles
S.Yamamoto,J.Kajzer,E.Tanaka 167
Developmentsin the ProvisionofWheelchairsand Seating inTayside,Scotland
G.Bardsley....... 173
BringingAdvances inWheelchairs tothe PeopleWho NeedThem
R.ACooper, M.L.Boninger,N.Shapcott,S.G. Fitzgerald 179
One Basic Research Approach for AssistiveTechnology inJapan
T. Ifukube 191
SomeMechanical ProblemstoUseElectricWheelchairs inaSnowyRegion
S.Tadano,A.Tsukada 199
EstimationofLowerLimbMuscleFunctionfrom KinematicGait Analysisand
Muscle Tension Model
M.Tanaka, Y.Akazawa,A Nakagawa 205
ANew ForceLimitationMechanism forRisk ReductioninRehabilitationRobots
N.Tejima 211
ComputationalRehabilitationEngineeringwith aWalkingModel
K.Hase 217
Contents IX
Fine-tuningthe Reconstructionofthe AnteriorCruciate Ligamentinthe Knee
L.Blankevoort,A. van Kampen,A.B.Wymenga,L.Elrnans,M.P.Arnold,
P.van derWielen,TJ.A.Mommersteeg 223
Biomechanicsofthe SoftTissue in Repetitive Motion Disorders
K.-N.An 231
BiotribologicalAspects ofNatural SynovialJointsand ArtificialJoints
T.Murakami 235
Fundamental StudyofDynamicAnalysisofLumbarVertebrae
H.Nishigaki,T.Amago,K.Miki,S.Ishiyama,E.Tanaka, S.Yamamoto 243
A Studyon Developmentofthe Total Hip Prosthesis Design Fitted for Japanese
Patients withSecondary Osteoarthrosis
1.Sakamoto,1.ada,A. Kaneuji,T.Matsumoto,T.Sugimori,
M.Nishino,K.Tomita,M. Fujita 249
MechanicalFunctionsofHumanACLBundles:DevelopmentandApplicationof
aRobotic Knee Simulator
H.Fujie,T.Mae,T.Sekito,K.Shino 255
Mechanical PropertiesofImpactedHuman MorsellisedCancellousAllograftsfor
Revision JointArthroplasty
Y.Tanabe,H.Maki,T.Meguro. A.Kobayashi, H.Ohashi,Y.Kadoya,Y.Yamano .... 261
Contributors
Akazawa,Y. 205 Inami,S. 51
Amago,T. 243 Ishiyama, S. 243
An,K.-N. 231 Iwamoto, M. 111
Ando,K. 65
Arnold,M.P. 223 Kadoya, Y. 261
Asai,T. 123 Kajzer.J, 71,123,167
Kallieris,D. 41
Bader,D.L. 137 vanKampen, A 223
Bardsley,G. 173 Kaneoka,K. 51
Baudrit,P. 85 Kaneuji,A 249
Beaupre,G.S. 129 Kato,e. 111
Begeman,P.e. 117 King,AI. 21,117
Blankevoort,L. 223 Kisanuki,y. 51
Boninger,M.L. 179 Kitagawa, Y. 117
Bruggemann,K. 105 Kobayashi,A. 261
Koizumi,T. 155
Carter,DR 129
Cooper,RA 179 Luhrs, S. 105
Crandall,J.R 29
Mackay,M. 1
Elmans,L. 223 Mae,T. 255
Eppinger,RH. 77 Maki,H. 261
Maki,T. 123
Fitzgerald,S.G. 179 Matsumoto,H. 155
Foret-Bruno,J.-Y. 85 Matsumoto,Tadami 249
Fujie,H. 255 Matsumoto,Takeo 147
Fujita,M. 249 Matsuoka, Y. 65
Funk,1.R 29 Meguro,T. 261
Furusu, K. 111 Miki,K. 111,243
Miyairi,H. 155
Hase, K. 217 Mommersteeg,TJ.A 223
Hasegawa,J. III Murakami,T. 235
Ichikawa, H. 117 Nagashima, K. 155
Ifukube,T. 191 Nakagawa,A 205
XI
XII Contributors
Nanto,Y. 93 Tadano,S. 199
Nerem,R.M. 13 Takakuda,K. 155
Nishigaki,H. 243 Tamura, A. III
Nishino,M. 249 Tanabe,Y. 261
Tanaka,E. 161,167,243
Oda,J. 249 Tanaka, M. 205
Ohashi, H. 261 Tejima,N. 211
Ohashi,T. 147 Tomita, K. 249
Ohtsuka,1. 155 Tourret,LJ. 29
Ono,K. 51,71 Trosseille, X. 85
Tsukada, A. 199
Polefka,E.G.L. 129
vander Wielen,P. 223
Rudd,R.W. 29
Wittek,A. 71
Rzymkowski,C. 59
Wymenga,A.B. 223
Sakamoto,1. 249
Sato,M. 147 Yamada,H. 161
Sekito,T. 255 Yamamoto,S. 167,243
Shapcott,N. 179 Yamano,Y. 261
Shino, K. 255 Yang,K.H. 21
Song,E. 85
Sugimori,T. 249 Zellmer,H. 105
Perspective on Impact Biomechanics from Traffic Accident
Analysis
MurrayMackay
BirminghamAccidentResearchCentre,UniversityofBirmingham,Edgbaston,BirminghamBI5
2TI,UnitedKingdom.
Summary. This paper begins with a brief review of the development of crash investigation
techniques fromthe 1950stothepresentday. EarlyworkatCornell UniversityintheUnitedStates
led to studies in Australia, Sweden and the United Kingdom and a general recognition of the
fundamental importance of adetailed knowledge of thenature and circumstances of actual trauma
to traffic accident victims. Today a number of countries have on-going structured sample date
collection programmes which provide an important means of assessing the effectiveness of
biomechanical advances which are implemented through changing car design and regulations.
Notably,theNASSIFARSprogrammes intheUnitedStates, bybeingfreelyavailableelectronically,
havebecomeavaluablesourcetoothercountries.
Such research illustrates an important yet still poorly understood aspect of impact biomechanics;
that of variation within the population at risk. Examples are given of this issue in terms of head,
neck, thoracic, leg and abdominal injury studies to show that a factor of three exists between the
weakestandstrongestelements ofthenormal populationexposed toimpactinjury. Ageandgender
effectsarediscussed.
The optimisation of protection recogmsmg the two distributions of crash severity and impact
tolerance variationsleadstotheconclusion thatfocusingonveryseverecollisions doesnotresultin
good overall protection. The links with experimental biomechanics are illustrated and the paper
concludes with proposals for new research directions with increasinglydetailed instrumentation of
vehiclesandmorerealisticmodellingofthehumanframe.
Keywords: Injuries,populations, optimisation, variability, biomechanics.
INTRODUCTION
Thepurpose ofthischapter isnottogivespecific recentresearch findings fromcurrent analysesof
dataonactualtrafficcollisions andconsequentinjuries;that aspectiscovered byothercontributors
tothisvolume. Ratheritsaim istoreview theevolution ofthesectoroftrafficsafetyresearchasit
impingesonourknowledgeofthebiomechanics ofimpact injuries.
Historically theinvestigation of transport accidents has varied markedlybythe different modesof
travel,butinallmodestheearlyfocuswas nottostudycauses of injury,but toexamine thecauses
of the event. This applied to all the modes, air, road, rail and marine. Hence, manyearlystudies
give very cursory attention as to how injuries actually occurred, and this is still reflected in a
number of the data systems used today. For example, it is still the standard practice in many
hospital systems to describe the "mechanism of the injury" as "pedestrian hit by car" or
"motorcyclist"or,somewhatmoreadvanced, "caroccupant inrearseatunrestrained". Clearlysuch
descriptors providealmostnoinsightintotheactualmechanismsofthespecificinjuries whichhave
beensustained.
J. Kajzer et al. (eds.), Human Biomechanics and Injury Prevention
© Springer Japan 2000