Table Of Content

Human Biochemistry SECOND EDITION Gerald Litwack, PhD Professor of Molecular & Cellular Medicine and Associate Director, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M University School of Medicine (Retired) Emeritus Professor, Chair or Founding Chair, Rutgers University, Thomas Jefferson University Kimmel Medical College and the Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States Table of Contents Cover image Title page Copyright Dedication About the author Preface Introduction Chapter 1. Organ Systems and Tissues Abstract Treatment of the Injured Knee: Use of Stem Cells to Replace Damaged Cartilage Development of Organs Gross Structures and Functions of Organ Systems Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 2. The Cell Abstract Cellular Trafficking in Alzheimer’s Disease Cell Membrane Nucleus and Cell Division Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Peroxisome Lysosome Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 3. Introductory Discussion on Water, pH, Buffers, and General Features of Receptors, Channels, and Pumps Abstract Diabetes Insipidus Thirst and Arginine Vasopressin Action of Arginine Vasopressin on the Distal Kidney Tubule Water and Biological Roles Water Channels: Aquaporins The Role of Water in Protein Folding Protein–Water Interactions in Enzymatic Reactions Metabolic Water Proton Transfer in Liquid Water The Concentration of Hydrogen Ions (Protons) in Solution (pH) Buffers Receptors Ion Channels Enzymatic Pumping Mechanism Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 4. Proteins Abstract Prion Disease, A Disease of Protein Conformational Change Amino Acids Proteins Protein Classification Proteomics Protein Microarray Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 5. Enzymes Abstract Diagnostic Enzymology General Aspects of Catalysis Classification Coenzymes Prosthetic Groups Enzyme Filamentation in Cellular Regulation Drugs That Operate as Enzyme Inhibitors Enzyme Replacement Therapy—Gaucher Disease Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 6. Insulin and Sugars Abstract Diabetes Insulin The Pancreatic β-Cell and Insulin Secretion Detrimental Effects of Diabetes Synthetic Sweeteners Chemistry of Simple Sugars Glucose Transport Pentose Phosphate Pathway Conversion of Ribose to Deoxyribose Carbohydrate Constituents of Proteins—Glycoproteins Transfer of Nucleotide Sugars Into the Golgi Cisternae Sugars in Blood Group Proteins Enzymatic Conversion of A and B Blood Types to Type O (Universal Donor) Lactose Intolerance Glycobiology Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 7. Glycogen and Glycogenolysis Abstract Glycogen Storage Disease Type I, von Gierke Disease (and Others: At Least 11 Types of Glycogen Storage Disease) Glycogen—The Storage Carbohydrate Glucose Metabolism in Muscle Glycogenin and Formation of Glycogen Glycogenolysis (Releasing Glucose from Glycogen) Hormonal Control of Glycogen Metabolism and Blood Glucose Level Different Glucose Transporters in Different Tissues Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 8. Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Abstract Hemolytic Anemia: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (A Rare Disease) Phosphofructokinase Enzymes Involved in the Conversion of Fructose-6- Phosphate to Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth—The Warburg Effect Gluconeogenesis Alanine Cycle Glucose Can Be Formed From Glycerol Small-Molecule Regulation of Gluconeogenesis Glucose Transporters Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 9. Lipids Abstract Hypercholesterolemia Biosynthesis of Cholesterol Inhibition of Liver HMG-CoA Reductase by Drugs (Statins) The ARH Protein Bile Acids Fatty Acids and Fat Properties of Lipoproteins Lipid Anchoring of Proteins to Membranes Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Case Study Chapter 10. Nucleic Acids and Molecular Genetics Abstract Huntington’s Disease, A Single-Gene Mutation Purines and Pyrimidines Base Pairing The Structure of DNA Biosynthesis of Purines and Pyrimidines Purine Interconversions Catabolism of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Salvage Pathway Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis DNA Mutations and Damage Epigenetics Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 11. Protein Biosynthesis Abstract Defects in Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Disease: Deficiency in Mitochondrial Translation Protein Synthesis in the Mitochondrion Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy With Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes Protein Synthesis Directed by the Nucleus The Ribosome Proteins Synthesized in the Cytoplasm but Destined for the Mitochondria Proteins Destined for the Nucleus Proteins Destined for Other Sites, Including the Plasma Membrane and Secretion from the Cell Summary Suggested Reading Multiple-Choice Questions Chapter 12. Transcription Abstract Congenital Heart Disease: Mutations of Transcription Factors Transcription Factors Control Heart Development Transcription Factors Involved in Cardiac Hypertrophy