Louis Marinos Ioannis Askoxylakis (Eds.) Human Aspects 0 3 0 of Information Security, 8 S C Privacy, and Trust N L First International Conference, HAS 2013 Held as Part of HCI International 2013 Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 2013, Proceedings 123 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8030 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA AlfredKobsa UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen TUDortmundUniversity,Germany MadhuSudan MicrosoftResearch,Cambridge,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA GerhardWeikum MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbruecken,Germany Louis Marinos Ioannis Askoxylakis (Eds.) Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy, and Trust First International Conference, HAS 2013 Held as Part of HCI International 2013 Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 21-26, 2013 Proceedings 1 3 VolumeEditors LouisMarinos ENISA-EuropeanNetworkandInformationSecurityAgency ScienceandTechnologyParkofCrete VassilikaVouton 70013Heraklion,Crete,Greece E-mail:[email protected] IoannisAskoxylakis FoundationforResearchandTechnology-Hellas(FORTH) InstituteofComputerScience(ICS) TelecommunicationsandNetworksLaboratory(TNL) N.Plastira100,VassilikaVouton 70013Heraklion,Crete,Greece E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-642-39344-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-39345-7 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-39345-7 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013941408 CRSubjectClassification(1998):H.5,K.6.5,H.1,C.2.0,K.4,J.1,H.3,H.4 LNCSSublibrary:SL3–InformationSystemsandApplication, incl.Internet/WebandHCI ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsforuse maybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliabletoprosecution undertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. 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Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword The 15th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI In- ternational 2013, was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 21–26 July 2013, incor- porating 12 conferences / thematic areas: Thematic areas: • Human–Computer Interaction • Human Interface and the Management of Information Affiliated conferences: • 10th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics • 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction • 5th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality • 5th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design • 5thInternationalConferenceonOnlineCommunitiesandSocialComputing • 7th International Conference on Augmented Cognition • 4th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management • 2nd International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability • 1st International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Inter- actions • 1st International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust Atotalof5210individualsfromacademia,researchinstitutes,industryandgov- ernmental agencies from 70 countries submitted contributions, and 1666 papers and 303 posters were included in the program. These papers address the latest researchanddevelopmenteffortsandhighlightthe humanaspectsofdesignand useofcomputingsystems.Thepapersacceptedforpresentationthoroughlycover the entire field of Human–Computer Interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas. This volume, edited by Louis Marinosand Ioannis Askoxylakis,contains pa- pers focusing on the thematic area of Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust, and addressing the following major topics: • Novel Authentication Systems • Human Factors in Security • Security and Privacy Policies • User Centric Security and Privacy VI Foreword The remaining volumes of the HCI International 2013 proceedings are: • Volume 1, LNCS 8004, Human–Computer Interaction: Human-Centred De- sign Approaches, Methods, Tools and Environments (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu • Volume2,LNCS8005,Human–ComputerInteraction:ApplicationsandSer- vices (Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu • Volume 3, LNCS 8006, Human–Computer Interaction: Users and Contexts of Use (Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu • Volume 4, LNCS 8007, Human–Computer Interaction: Interaction Modali- ties and Techniques (Part IV), edited by Masaaki Kurosu • Volume 5, LNCS 8008, Human–Computer Interaction: Towards Intelligent and Implicit Interaction (Part V), edited by Masaaki Kurosu • Volume 6, LNCS 8009, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Design Methods, Tools and Interaction Techniques for eInclusion (Part I), edited by Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona • Volume 7, LNCS 8010, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: UserandContextDiversity(PartII),editedbyConstantineStephanidisand Margherita Antona • Volume 8, LNCS 8011, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Applications and Services for Quality of Life (Part III), edited by Constan- tine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona • Volume 9, LNCS 8012,Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design Phi- losophy, Methods and Tools (Part I), edited by Aaron Marcus • Volume 10, LNCS 8013, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Health, Learning, Playing, Cultural, and Cross-Cultural User Experience (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus • Volume 11, LNCS 8014, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Ex- perience in Novel Technological Environments (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus • Volume12,LNCS8015,Design,UserExperience,andUsability:Web,Mobile and Product Design (Part IV), edited by Aaron Marcus • Volume 13, LNCS 8016, Human Interface and the Management of Informa- tion:InformationandInteractionDesign(PartI),editedbySakaeYamamoto • Volume 14, LNCS 8017, Human Interface and the Management of Informa- tion: Information and Interaction for Health, Safety, Mobility and Complex Environments (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto • Volume 15, LNCS 8018, Human Interface and the Management of Informa- tion: Information and Interaction for Learning, Culture, Collaboration and Business (Part III), edited by Sakae Yamamoto • Volume 16, LNAI 8019,Engineering PsychologyandCognitive Ergonomics: Understanding Human Cognition (Part I), edited by Don Harris • Volume 17, LNAI 8020,Engineering PsychologyandCognitive Ergonomics: Applications and Services (Part II), edited by Don Harris • Volume 18, LNCS 8021, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Designing and Developing Augmented and Virtual Environments (Part I), edited by Randall Shumaker Foreword VII • Volume 19, LNCS 8022, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Systems and Applications (Part II), edited by Randall Shumaker • Volume20,LNCS8023,Cross-CulturalDesign:Methods,PracticeandCase Studies (Part I), edited by P.L. Patrick Rau • Volume 21, LNCS 8024, Cross-Cultural Design: Cultural Differences in Ev- eryday Life (Part II), edited by P.L. Patrick Rau • Volume22,LNCS8025,DigitalHumanModelingandApplicationsinHealth, Safety,ErgonomicsandRiskManagement:HealthcareandSafetyoftheEn- vironment and Transport (Part I), edited by Vincent G. Duffy • Volume23,LNCS8026,DigitalHumanModelingandApplicationsinHealth, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Body Modeling and Er- gonomics (Part II), edited by Vincent G. Duffy • Volume 24, LNAI 8027, Foundations of Augmented Cognition, edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis • Volume 25, LNCS 8028, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by Norbert Streitz and Constantine Stephanidis • Volume 26, LNCS 8029, Online Communities and Social Computing, edited by A. Ant Ozok and Panayiotis Zaphiris • Volume 28,CCIS 373,HCI International2013PostersProceedings(PartI), edited by Constantine Stephanidis • Volume29,CCIS374,HCIInternational2013PostersProceedings(PartII), edited by Constantine Stephanidis I would like to thank the Program Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of all affiliated conferences and thematic areas, listed below, for their contribution to the highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2013 conference. This conference could not have been possible without the continuous sup- port and advice of the Founding Chair and Conference Scientific Advisor, Prof. Gavriel Salvendy, as well as the dedicated work and outstanding efforts of the Communications Chair and Editor of HCI International News, Abbas Moallem. I would also like to thank for their contribution towards the smooth organi- zation of the HCI International 2013 Conference the members of the Human– Computer Interaction Laboratory of ICS-FORTH, and in particular George Paparoulis,MariaPitsoulaki,StavroulaNtoa,MariaBouhliandGeorgeKapnas. May 2013 Constantine Stephanidis General Chair, HCI International 2013 Organization Human–Computer Interaction Program Chair: Masaaki Kurosu, Japan Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, UK Kyungdoh Kim, South Korea Sebastiano Bagnara, Italy Heidi Kr¨omker, Germany Simone Barbosa, Brazil Chen Ling, USA Tomas Berns, Sweden Yan Liu, USA Nigel Bevan, UK Zhengjie Liu, P.R. China Simone Borsci, UK Lo¨ıc Mart´ınez Normand, Spain Apala Lahiri Chavan, India Chang S. Nam, USA Sherry Chen, Taiwan Naoko Okuizumi, Japan Kevin Clark, USA Noriko Osaka, Japan Torkil Clemmensen, Denmark Philippe Palanque, France Xiaowen Fang, USA Hans Persson, Sweden Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Japan Ling Rothrock, USA Vicki Hanson, UK Naoki Sakakibara, Japan Ayako Hashizume, Japan Dominique Scapin, France Anzai Hiroyuki, Italy Guangfeng Song, USA Sheue-Ling Hwang, Taiwan Sanjay Tripathi, India Wonil Hwang, South Korea Chui Yin Wong, Malaysia Minna Isomursu, Finland Toshiki Yamaoka, Japan Yong Gu Ji, South Korea Kazuhiko Yamazaki, Japan Esther Jun, USA Ryoji Yoshitake, Japan Mitsuhiko Karashima, Japan Silvia Zimmermann, Switzerland Human Interface and the Management of Information Program Chair: Sakae Yamamoto, Japan Hans-Jorg Bullinger, Germany Mark Lehto, USA Alan Chan, Hong Kong Hiroyuki Miki, Japan Gilsoo Cho, South Korea Hirohiko Mori, Japan Jon R. Gunderson, USA Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, USA Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Japan Shogo Nishida, Japan Michitaka Hirose, Japan Robert Proctor, USA Jhilmil Jain, USA Youngho Rhee, South Korea Yasufumi Kume, Japan Katsunori Shimohara, Japan X Organization Michale Smith, USA Kim-Phuong Vu, USA Tsutomu Tabe, Japan Tomio Watanabe, Japan Hiroshi Tsuji, Japan Hidekazu Yoshikawa, Japan Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics Program Chair: Don Harris, UK Guy Andre Boy, USA Paul Salmon, Australia Joakim Dahlman, Sweden Axel Schulte, Germany Trevor Dobbins, UK Siraj Shaikh, UK Mike Feary, USA Sarah C. Sharples, UK Shan Fu, P.R. China Anthony Smoker, UK Michaela Heese, Austria Neville A. Stanton, UK Hung-Sying Jing, Taiwan Alex Stedmon, UK Wen-Chin Li, Taiwan Xianghong Sun, P.R. China Mark A. Neerincx, The Netherlands Andrew Thatcher, South Africa Jan M. Noyes, UK Matthew J.W. Thomas, Australia Taezoon Park, Singapore Rolf Zon, The Netherlands Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction Program Chairs: Constantine Stephanidis, Greece, and Margherita Antona, Greece Julio Abascal, Spain Georgios Kouroupetroglou, Greece Ray Adams, UK Patrick Langdon, UK Gisela Susanne Bahr, USA Seongil Lee, Korea Margit Betke, USA Ana Isabel B.B. Paraguay,Brazil Christian Bu¨hler, Germany Helen Petrie, UK Stefan Carmien, Spain Michael Pieper, Germany Jerzy Charytonowicz, Poland Enrico Pontelli, USA Carlos Duarte, Portugal Jaime Sanchez, Chile Pier Luigi Emiliani, Italy Anthony Savidis, Greece Qin Gao, P.R. China Christian Stary, Austria Andrina Grani´c, Croatia Hirotada Ueda, Japan Andreas Holzinger, Austria Gerhard Weber, Germany Josette Jones, USA Harald Weber, Germany Simeon Keates, UK Organization XI Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality Program Chair: Randall Shumaker, USA Waymon Armstrong, USA Mark Livingston, USA Juan Cendan, USA Michael Macedonia, USA Rudy Darken, USA Gordon Mair, UK Cali M. Fidopiastis, USA Jose San Martin, Spain Charles Hughes, USA Jacquelyn Morie, USA David Kaber, USA Albert “Skip” Rizzo, USA Hirokazu Kato, Japan Kay Stanney, USA Denis Laurendeau, Canada Christopher Stapleton, USA Fotis Liarokapis, UK Gregory Welch, USA Cross-Cultural Design Program Chair: P.L. Patrick Rau, P.R. China Pilsung Choe, P.R. China Sheau-Farn Max Liang, Taiwan Henry Been-Lirn Duh, Singapore Liang Ma, P.R. China Vanessa Evers, The Netherlands Alexander M¨adche, Germany Paul Fu, USA Katsuhiko Ogawa, Japan Zhiyong Fu, P.R. China Tom Plocher, USA Fu Guo, P.R. China Kerstin Ro¨se, Germany Sung H. Han, Korea Supriya Singh, Australia Toshikazu Kato, Japan Hsiu-Ping Yueh, Taiwan Dyi-Yih Michael Lin, Taiwan Liang (Leon) Zeng, USA Rungtai Lin, Taiwan Chen Zhao, USA Online Communities and Social Computing Program Chairs: A. Ant Ozok, USA, and Panayiotis Zaphiris, Cyprus Areej Al-Wabil, Saudi Arabia Niki Lambropoulos, Greece Leonelo Almeida, Brazil Effie Law, Switzerland Bjørn Andersen, Norway Soo Ling Lim, UK Chee Siang Ang, UK Fernando Loizides, Cyprus Aneesha Bakharia, Australia Gabriele Meiselwitz, USA Ania Bobrowicz, UK Anthony Norcio, USA Paul Cairns, UK Elaine Raybourn, USA Farzin Deravi, UK Panote Siriaraya,UK Andri Ioannou, Cyprus David Stuart, UK Slava Kisilevich, Germany June Wei, USA