Human and Nature Minding Automation: An Overview of Concepts, Methods, Tools and Applications

357 Pages·2010·7.319 MB·English

by  Spyros G. Tzafestas (auth.)

Human and Nature Minding Automation
International Serieson
INTELLIGENTSYSTEMS, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION:
SCIENCE ANDENGINEERING
VOLUME41
Editor
ProfessorS.G.Tzafestas,NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,Greece
EditorialAdvisoryBoard
ProfessorP.Antsaklis,UniversityofNotreDame,IN,U.S.A.
ProfessorP.Borne,EcoleCentraledeLille,France
ProfessorD.G.Caldwell,UniversityofSalford,U.K.
ProfessorC.S.Chen,UniversityofAkron,Ohio,U.S.A.
ProfessorT.Fukuda,NagoyaUniversity,Japan
ProfessorF.Harashima, UniversityofTokyo, Japan
ProfessorS.Monaco,UniversityLaSapienza,Rome,Italy
ProfessorG.Schmidt,TechnicalUniversityofMunich, Germany
ProfessorN.K.Sinha,McMasterUniversity, Hamilton,Ontario,Canada
ProfessorD.Tabak,GeorgeMasonUniversity, Fairfax,Virginia, U.S.A.
ProfessorK.Valavanis, UniversityofSouthern Louisiana, Lafayette,U.S.A.
ProfessorS. G. Tzafestas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
For other titles published in this series, go to
www.springer.com/series/6259
Spyros G. Tzafestas
Human and Nature
Minding Automation
AnOverviewofConcepts, Methods,Toolsand Applications
123
SpyrosG.Tzafestas
SchoolofElectricaland ComputerEngineering
National and Technical University of Athens
15773, Athens,Greece
[e-mail]
ISBN978-90-481-3561-5 e-ISBN978-90-481-3562-2
DOI10.1007/978-90-481-3562-2
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009941472
(cid:2)cSpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010
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Dedicatedtomywife,Niki
Preface
ManisthebestthingintheWorld.Naturedoesnothing
uselessly.
Aristotle
Thereisapleasureinthepathlesswoods,Thereisraptureon
thelonelyshore,Thereissociety,wherenoneintrudes,Bythe
deepsea,andmusicinitsroar:IlovenotMantheless,but
Naturemore.
JohnBurroughs
Thebasicpurposeofdevelopmentistoenlargepeople’s
choices.Theobjectiveofdevelopmentistocreateanenabling
environmentforpeopletoenjoylong,healthyandcreativelives.
MahbubulHag
FounderoftheHumanDevelopmentReport
Theaimofthisbookistoprovideacompiledsetofconcepts,principles,methods
andissuesusedforstudying,designingandoperatinghuman-mindingandnature-
mindingautomationandindustrialsystems.Thedepthofpresentationissufficient
for the reader to understand the problems involved and the solution approaches,
andappreciatetheneedofhuman–automationcooperativeinteraction,andtheim-
portance of the efforts required for environmentand ecosystem protection during
anytechnologicalanddevelopmentprocessinthesociety.Humansandtechnology
are living and have to live together in a sustainable society and nature. Humans
mustnotbeviewedascomponentsofautomationandtechnologyinthesameway
asmachines.Automationandtechnologymustincorporatethehumans’needsand
preferences,andradiate“beauty”inallways,namelyfunctionally,technicallyand
humanistically. In overall, automation and technology should create comfort and
givepleasure.
The achievement of human-mindingor human-centered automation was made
possible by employing concepts and techniques of the human factors and er-
gonomicsfield.Thisistheeasypartofthehuman-andnatureminding-automation
and technology story. To achieve truly nature-minding industry and automation,
morecomplexanddifficultdecisionsandtoolsarerequired.Thepartnershereare
not only the machines and the scientists or engineers, but also the politicians and
vii
viii Preface
governorsworldwide.Nature-mindingdesignhastodeterminethewayaproductis
producedonthebasisofitsimpacttothenatureandecosystem,includingpollution,
wastegeneration,biodiversitydecrease,andconsumptionoftheearthresources.A
societycanbedevelopedin atrulysustainablewayif itadoptsasa wholethehu-
man, economic,naturaland culturalresources,not only in the short term but also
in the long term. In our time the problemsof human, automation/technology,and
naturesustainablesymbiosishavebecomemoredifficultandcrucialthanever.
This book provides a consolidated tutorial overview of these problems, and
their solutions, suitable for scientists and professionalsinterested in the humanis-
ticandenvironmentalissuesoftheuseoftechnologyandautomationinthemodern
society’sactivityanddevelopment.Itisprimarilyintendedforuseasageneralin-
formation source, but academic teachers of applied sciences, behavioralsciences,
and engineering can use the material of the book in relevant introductoryhuman,
automation,and/orenvironmentcourses.
Athens,June2009 SpyrosG.Tzafestas
Contents
Everythingshouldbemadeassimpleaspossible,butnot
simpler.
AlbertEinstein
Morepower,andmorechoice,andmorefreedomrequiremore
wisdomiftheyaretoaddmorehumanity.
EmmanuelG.Mesthene
Themachinereplacedhumanlaborandnowhuman
brain-power.ButIthinktechnology’snextstepwillbetowork
forthespirit,theheart.
SotoriMiyagi
1 Automation,Humans,Nature,andDevelopment.......................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................. 1
1.2 TheFieldofAutomation ............................................... 2
1.3 BriefHistoryofControlandAutomation.............................. 3
1.4 ThePrincipleofFeedback.............................................. 5
1.4.1 SomeExamples ............................................... 6
1.5 TheHumansinAutomation............................................ 9
1.6 AutomationintheNature............................................... 10
1.7 SocialIssuesofAutomation............................................ 11
1.7.1 TrainingandEducation ....................................... 12
1.7.2 Unemployment................................................ 12
1.7.3 QualityofWorkingConditions............................... 12
1.7.4 ProductivityandCapitalFormation.......................... 13
1.7.5 Advantages .................................................... 13
1.7.6 Disadvantages ................................................. 14
1.8 HumanDevelopmentandModernization.............................. 14
1.8.1 HumanDevelopmentComponents........................... 15
1.8.2 Modernization................................................. 16
1.8.3 HumanDevelopmentIndex................................... 18
1.8.4 LifeExpectancy,LiteracyandStandardofLiving........... 19
1.8.5 HumanDevelopmentReport ................................. 20
ix
x Contents
2 HumanFactorsinAutomation(I):BuildingBlocks,Scope,
andaFirstSetofFactors..................................................... 23
2.1 Introduction ............................................................. 23
2.2 TheHumanFactorsField:BuildingBlocksandScope............... 24
2.2.1 BuildingBlocks ............................................... 24
2.2.2 TheHumanFeatures.......................................... 25
2.2.3 Human–AutomationRelation................................. 25
2.2.4 Automation.................................................... 25
2.2.5 GoalsandScopeoftheHumanFactorsField................ 26
2.3 HumanFactorsinAutomationSystemDesignandDevelopment.... 27
2.3.1 GeneralIssues................................................. 27
2.3.2 DevelopmentalElements...................................... 28
2.3.3 SystemDevelopmentConcepts............................... 29
2.4 TheWorkloadFactorinAutomation................................... 30
2.5 ThreeKeyHumanFactorsinAutomation............................. 31
2.5.1 AllocationofFunction........................................ 31
2.5.2 Stimulus–ResponseCompatibility ........................... 32
2.5.3 InternalModeloftheOperator............................... 32
2.6 TheOperatorRelianceFactor.......................................... 33
3 HumanFactorsinAutomation(II):Psychological,Physical
Strength,HumanErrorandHumanValuesFactors...................... 35
3.1 Introduction ............................................................. 35
3.2 PsychologicalFactors................................................... 36
3.2.1 JobSatisfaction................................................ 36
3.2.2 JobStress ...................................................... 37
3.2.3 APsychosocialStressModel................................. 38
3.3 PhysicalStrength........................................................ 38
3.4 HumanBias ............................................................. 39
3.5 HumanError ............................................................ 40
3.5.1 Skill-BasedError-ShapingFactors........................... 42
3.5.2 Rule-BasedError-ShapingFactors........................... 42
3.5.3 Knowledge-BasedErrorShapingFactors.................... 42
3.6 HumanValuesandHumanRights ..................................... 43
4 Human–MachineInteractioninAutomation(I):Basic
ConceptsandDevices......................................................... 47
4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 47
4.2 ApplicationsofHuman–MachineInteractiveSystems................ 48
4.3 MethodologiesfortheDesignofHuman–Machine
InteractionSystems..................................................... 50
4.4 KeysandKeyboards.................................................... 51
4.4.1 KeyboardLayout.............................................. 51
4.5 PointingDevices........................................................ 53
4.5.1 TouchScreens................................................. 53
Contents xi
4.5.2 LightPens ..................................................... 54
4.5.3 GraphicTablets................................................ 54
4.5.4 TrackBalls..................................................... 54
4.5.5 Mouse.......................................................... 55
4.5.6 Joysticks ....................................................... 55
4.5.7 SelectionoftheInputDevice................................. 55
4.6 ScreenDesign........................................................... 56
4.6.1 ScreenDensityReductionMethods.......................... 57
4.6.2 InformationGroupingandHighlighting ..................... 57
4.6.3 SpatialRelationshipsAmongScreenElements.............. 58
4.7 WorkStationDesign.................................................... 58
4.7.1 PhysicalLayoutFactors....................................... 59
4.7.2 WorkMethodFactors......................................... 59
4.7.3 VideoDisplayTerminalFactors.............................. 60
5 Human–MachineInteractioninAutomation(II):
AdvancedConceptsandInterfaces.......................................... 61
5.1 Introduction ............................................................. 61
5.2 GraphicalUserInterfaces............................................... 62
5.2.1 GeneralIssues................................................. 62
5.2.2 DesignComponentsofGraphicalInterfaces................. 63
5.2.3 WindowingSystems........................................... 63
5.2.4 ComponentsofWindowingSystems......................... 64
5.3 TypesandDesignFeaturesofVisualDisplays........................ 65
5.3.1 VisualDisplayTypes.......................................... 65
5.3.2 FurtherDesignFeaturesofVisualDisplays ................. 66
5.4 IntelligentHuman–MachineInterfaces................................ 68
5.5 NaturalLanguageHuman–MachineInterfaces........................ 71
5.6 Multi-ModalHuman–MachineInterfaces............................. 72
5.7 GraphicalInterfacesforKnowledge-BasedSystems.................. 74
5.7.1 End-UserInterfaces........................................... 75
5.7.2 GraphicalInterfacesfortheKnowledgeEngineer........... 75
5.8 ForceSensingTactileBasedHuman–MachineInterfaces............ 76
5.9 Human–MachineInteractionviaVirtualEnvironments............... 77
5.10 Human–MachineInterfacesinComputer-AidedDesign ............. 79
6 SupervisoryandDistributedControlinAutomation ..................... 83
6.1 Introduction ............................................................. 83
6.2 SupervisoryControlArchitectures..................................... 85
6.2.1 EvolutionofSupervisoryControl ............................ 85
6.2.2 Rasmussen’sArchitecture..................................... 86
6.2.3 Sheridan’sArchitecture....................................... 88
6.2.4 Meystel’sNestedArchitecture................................ 92
6.3 TaskAnalysisandTaskAllocationinAutomation.................... 93