Human anatomy & physiology

1285 Pages·2007·129.057 MB·English

by  Elaine Nicpon Marieb, Katja Hoehn

Human Anatomy
& Physiology
SEVENTH EDITION
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D.
Holyoke Community College
Katja Hoehn, M.D., Ph.D.
Mount Royal College
San Francisco Boston New York
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The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
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hydro, hydro- water dehydration, loss of body water meta- beyond, between, transition metatarsus, the part of the foot
hyper- excess hypertension, excessive tension between the tarsus and the phalanges
hypno- sleep hypnosis, a sleeplike state metro- uterus endometrium, the lining of the uterus
hypo- below, deficient hypodermic, beneath the skin; hypokalemia, micro- small microscope, an instrument used to make small objects
deficiency of potassium appear larger
hyster-, hystero- uterus or womb hysterectomy, removal of the mictur- urinate micturition, the act of voiding the bladder
uterus; hysterodynia, pain in the womb mito- thread, filament mitochondria, small, filament-like structures
ile- intestine ileum, the last portion of the small intestine located in cells
im- not impermeable, not permitting passage, not permeable mnem- memory anmesia
inter- between intercellular, between the cells mono- single monospasm, spasm of a single limb
intercal- insert intercalated discs, the end membranes between ad- morpho- form morphology, the study of form and structure or
jacent cardiac muscle cells organisms
intra- within, inside intracellulaJ; inside the cell multi- many multinuclea:t; having several nuclei
iso- equal, same isothermal, equal, or same, temperature mur- wall intramural ganglion, a nerve junction within an organ
jugul- throat jugular veins, prominent vessels in the neck muta- change mutation, change in the base sequence of DNA
juxta- near, close to juxtaglomerular apparatus, a cell cluster next myelo- spinal cord, marrow myeloblasts, cells of the bone marrow
to a glomerulus in the kidneys myo- muscle myocardium, heart muscle
karyo- kernel, nucleus karyotype, the assemblage of the nuclear nano- dwarf nanomete:t; one-billionth of a meter
chromosomes narco- numbness narcotic, a drug producing stupor or numbed
kera- hom keratin, the water-repellent protein of the skin sensations
kilo- thousand kilocalories, equal to 1000 calories nam- sodium atrial natriuretic peptide, a sodium-regulating hormone
kin-, kines- move kinetic energy, the energy of motion necro- death necrosis, tissue death
labi-,labri- lip labial frenulum, the membrane which joins the lip to neo- new neoplasm, an abnormal growth
the gum nephro- kidney nephritis, inflammation of the kidney
lact- mill< lactose, milk sugar neuro- nerve neurophysiology, the physiology of the nervous system
lacun- space, cavity, lake lacunae, the spaces occupied by cells of noci- harmful nociceptors, receptors for pain
cartilage and bone tissue nom- name innominate artery; innominate bone
lamell- small plate concentric lamellae, rings of bone matrix in noto- back notochord, the embryonic structure that precedes the
compact bone vertebral column
lamina layer, sheet basal lamina, part of the epithelial basement nucle- pit, kernel, little nut nucleus
membrane nutri- feed, nourish nutrition
lat- wide latissimus dorSi, a broad muscle of the back ob- before, against obstruction, impeding or blocking up
laten- hidden latent period of a muscle twitch oculo- eye monocula:t; pertaining to one eye
later- side lateral (directional term) odonto- teeth orthodontist, one who specializes in proper position-
leuko- white leukocyte, white blood cell ing of the teeth in relation to each other
leva- raise, elevate levator labii superioris, muscle that elevates up olfact- smell olfactory nerves
per lip oligo- few oligodendrocytes, neuroglial cells with few branches
lingua- tongue lingual tonsil, adjacent to the tongue onco- a mass oncology, study of cancer
lip-, lipo- fat, lipid lipophage, a cell that has taken up fat in its 00- egg oocyte, precursor of female gamete
cytoplasm ophthalmo- eye ophthalmology, the study of the eyes and related
lith- stone cholelithiasis, gallstones disease
luci- clear stratum lucidum, clear layer of the epidermis orb- circular orbicularis oculi, muscle that encircles the eye
lumen light lumen, center of a hollow structure orcW- testis cryptorchidism, failure of the testes to descend into the
lut- yellow corpus luteum, a yellow, hormone-secreting structure in scrotum
the ovary org- living organism
lymph water lymphatic circulation, return of clear fluid to the ortho- straight, direct orthopedic, correction of deformities of the
bloodstream musculoskeletal system
macro- large macromolecule, large molecule osm- smell anosmia, loss of sense of smell
macula spot macula lutea, yellow spot on the retina osmo- pushing osmosis
magn- large foramen magnum, largest opening of the skull osteo- bone osteodermia, bony formations in the skin
mal- bad, abnormal malfunction, abnormal functioning of an organ oto- ear otoscope, a device for examining the ear
mamm- breast mammary gland, breast ov-, ovi- egg ovum, oviduct
mast- breast mastectomy, removal of a mammary gland oxy- oxygen oxygenation, the saturation of a substance with oxygen
mater mother dura mate:t; pia mate:t; membranes that envelop the pan- all, universal panacea, a cure-all
brain papill- nipple dermal papillae, projections of the dermis into the
meat- passage external acoustic meatus, the ear canal epidermal area
medi- middle medial (directional term) para- beside, near paranuclear, beside the nucleus
medull- marrow medulla, the middle portion of the kidney, adrenal pect-, pectus breast pectoralis majo:t; a large chest muscle
gland, and lymph node pelv- a basin pelvic girdle, which cradles the pelvic organs
mega- large megakaryocyte, large precursor cell of platelets peni- a tail penis; penile urethra
meio- less meiosis, nuclear division that halves the chromosome penna- feather unipennate, bipennate muscles, whose fascicles have
number a feathered appearance
melan- black meIanocytes, which secrete the black pigment melanin pent- five pentose, a 5-carbon sugar
men-, menstru- month menses, the cyclic menstrual flow pep-, peps-, pept- digest pepsin, a digestive enzyme of the stomach;
meningo- membrane meningitis, inflammation of the membranes peptic ulcer
of the brain perM, permea- through permeate; permeable
mer-, meroM, a part merocrine glands, the secretions of which do not peri- around perianal, situated around the anus
include the cell phago- eat phagocyte, a cell that engulfs and digests particles or
meso- middle mesoderm, middle germ layer cells
caput- head decapitate, remove the head ectop- displaced ectopic pregnancy; ectopic focus for initiation of
carcin- cancer carcinogen, a cancer-causing agent heart contraction
cardi-, cardio- heart cardiotoxic, harmful to the heart edem- swelling edema, accumulation of water in body tissues
cameo- flesh trabeculae cameae, ridges of muscle in the ventricles ef- away efferent nerve fibers, which carry impulses away from the
of the heart central nervous system
carot- (1) carrot, (2) stupor (1) carotene, an orange pigment; ejac- to shoot forth ejaculation of semen
(2) carotid arteries in the neck, blockage causes fainting embol- wedge embolus, an obstructive object traveling in the
cata- down catabolism, chemical breakdown bloodstream
caud- tail caudal (directional term) en-, em- in, inside encysted, enclosed in a cyst or capsule
cec- blind cecum of large intestine, a blind-ended pouch enceph- brain encephalitis, inflammation of the brain
cele- abdominal celiac artery, in the abdomen endo- within, inner endocytosis, taking particles into a cell
cephal- head cephalomete:t; an instrument for measuring the head entero- intestine enterologist, one who specializes in the study of
cerebro- brain, especially the cerebrum cerebrospinal, pertaining to intestinal disorders
the brain and spinal cord epi- over, above epidermis, outer layer of skin
cervic-, cervix neck cervix of the uterus erythr- red erythema, redness of the skin; erythrocyte, red blood cell
chiasm- crossing optic chiasma, where optic nerves cross eso- within esophagus
chole- bile cholesterol; cholecystokinin, a bile-secreting hormone eu- well euesthesia, a normal state of the senses
chondr- cartilage chondrogenic, giving rise to cartilage excret- separate excretory system
chrom- colored chromosome, so named because they stain darkly exo- outside, outer layer exophthalmos, an abnormal protrusion of
cill- small hair ciliated epithelium the eye from the orbit
circum- around circumnucleat; surrounding the nucleus extra- outside, beyond extracellular, outside the body cells of an
clavic- key clavicle, a skeleton key" organism
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co-, con- together concentric, common centex; together in the center extrins- from the outside extrinsic regulation of the heart
coccy- cuckoo coccyx, which is beak-shaped fasci-, fascia- bundle, band superficial and deep fascia
cochlea snail shell the cochlea of the inner ear, which is coiled like a fenestr- window fenestrated capillaries
snail shell ferr- iron transferrin, ferritin, both iron-storage proteins
coel- hollow coelom, the ventral body cavity flagell- whip flagellum, the tail of a sperm cell
commis- united gray commissure of the spinal cord connects the flat- blow, blown flatulence
two columns of gray matter folli- bag, bellows hair follicle
concha shell nasal conchae, coiled shelves of bone in the nasal cavity fontan- fountain fontanels of the fetal skull
contra- against contraceptive, agent preventing conception foram- opening foramen magnum of the skull
como, cornu- hom stratum corneum, outer layer of the skin com foss- ditch fossa ovalis of the heart; mandibular fossa of the skull
posed of (horny) cells gam-, gamet- married, spouse gametes, the sex cells
corona crown coronal suture of the skull gangli- swelling, or knot dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves
corp- body corpse, corpus luteum, hormone-secreting body in the gastr- stomach gastrin, a hormone that influences gastric acid secre-
ovary tion
cort- bark cortex, the outer layer of the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, gene beginning, origin genetics
and lymph nodes germin- grow germinal epithelium of the gonads
cost- rib intercostal, between the ribs gero-, geront- old man gerontology, the study of aging
crani- skull craniotomy, a skull operation gest- carried gestation, the period from conception to birth
crypt- hidden cryptomenorrhea, a condition in which menstrual glauc- gray glaucoma, which causes gradual blindness
symptoms are experienced but no externaIloss of blood occurs glom- ball glomeruli, clusters of capillaries in the kidneys
cusp- pointed bicuspid, tricuspid valves of the heart glosso- tongue glossopathy, any disease of the tongue
cutic- skin cuticle of the nail gluco-, glyco- gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose from
cyan- blue cyanosis, blue color of the skin due to lack of oxygen noncarbohydrate molecules
cyst- sac, bladder cystitis, inflammation of the urinary bladder glute- buttock gluteus maximus, largest muscle of the buttock
cyt- cell cytology, the study of cells gnost- knowing the gnostic sense, a sense of awareness of self
de- undoing, reversal, loss, removal deactivation, becoming inactive gompho- nail gomphosis, the term applied to the joint between
decid- falling off deciduous (milk) teeth tooth and jaw
delta triangular deltoid muscle, roughly triangular in shape gon-, gono- seed, offspring gonads, the sex organs
den-, dent- tooth dentin of the tooth gust- taste gustatory sense, the sense of taste
dendr- tree, branch dendrites, telodendria, both branches of a neuron hapt- fasten, grasp hapten, a partial antigen
derm- skin dermis, deep layer of the skin hema-, hemato-, hemo- blood hematocyst, a cyst containing blood
desm- bond desmosome, which binds adjacent epithelial cells hemi- half hemiglossal, pertaining to one-half of the tongue
di- twice, double dimorphism, having two forms hepat- liver hepatitis, inflammation of the liver
dia- through., between diaphragm, the wall through or between two hetero- different or other heterosexuality, sexual desire for a person
areas of the opposite sex
dialys- separate, break apart kidney dialysis, in which waste prod hiat- gap the hiatus of the diaphragm, the opening through which
ucts are removed from the blood the esophagus passes
diastol- stand apart cardiac diastole, between successive contrac- hippo- horse hippocampus of the brain, shaped like a seahorse
tions of the heart hirsut- hairy hirsutism, excessive body hair
diure- urinate diuretic, a drug that increases urine output hist- tissue histology, the study of tissues
dors- the back dorsal; dorsum; dorsiflexion holo- whole holocrine glands, whose secretions are whole cells
duc-, duct lead, draw ductus deferens which carries sperm from the homo, homo- same homeoplasia, formation of tissue similar to nor-
epididymis into the urethra during ejaculation mal tissue; homocentric, having the same center
dura hard dura matex; tough outer meninx hormon- to excite hormones
dys- difficult, faulty, painful dyspepsia, disturbed digestion humor- a fluid humoral immunity, which involves antibodies circu
ec-, ex-, ecto- out, outside, away from excrete, to remove materials lating in the blood
from the body hyal- clear hyaline cartilage, which has no visible fibers
bout the uthors
We dedicate tIns work to our students both present and
past, who always inspire us to "push the envelope. "
given generously to provide opportunities for stu
dents to further their education. She contributes to
the New Directions, New Careers Program at Holyoke
Community College by providing several full-tuition
scholarships each year for women who are returning
to college after a hiatus or attending college for the
first time and would be unable to continue their
studies without financial support. She funds the
E. N. Marieb Science Research Awards at Mount
Holyoke College, which promotes research by under
graduate science majors, and has underwritten reno
vation and updating of one of the biology labs in
Clapp Laboratory at that college. Dr. Marieb is also a
contributor to the University of Massachusetts at
Amherst where she generously provided funding for
reconstruction and instrumentation of a cutting-edge
Elaine N. Marieb cytology research laboratory that bears her name.
In 1994, Dr. Marieb received the Benefactor
For Elaine N. Marieb, taking the student's perspec Award from the National Council for Resource Devel
tive into account has always been an integral part of opment, American Association of Community Col
her teaching style. Dr. Marieb began her teaching ca leges, which recognizes her ongoing sponsorship of
reer at Springfield College, where she taught anatomy student scholarships, faculty teaching awards, and
and physiology to physical education majors. She other academic contributions to Holyoke Community
then joined the faculty of the Biological Science Di College. In May 2000, the science building at Holyoke
vision of Holyoke Community College in 1969 after Community College was named in her honor.
receiving her Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Dr. Marieb is an active member of the Human
Massachusetts at Amherst. While teaching at Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the
Holyoke Community College, where many of her American Association for the Advancement of Sci
students were pursuing nursing degrees, she devel ence (AAAS). Additionally, while actively engaged as
oped a desire to better understand the relationship an author, Dr. Marieb serves as a consultant for the
between the scientific study of the human body and Benjamin Cumrnings/A.D.A.M.® InterActive Physi
the clinical aspects of the nursing practice. To that ology® CD-ROM series. This text-Human Anatomy
end, while continuing to teach full time, Dr. Marieb & Physiology, Seventh Edition-is the latest ex
pursued her nursing education, which culminated in pression of her commitment to the needs of students
a Master of Science degree with a clinical specializa in their pursuit of the study of A&P.
tion in gerontology from the University of Massa When not involved in academic pursuits, Dr.
chusetts. It is this experience, along with stories from Marieb is a world traveler and has vowed to visit
the field-including those of former students now in every country on this planet. Shorter term, she serves
health careers-that has informed the development on the board of directors of the famed Marie Selby
of the unique perspective and accessibility for which Botanical Gardens and on the scholarship committee
her texts and laboratory manuals are known. of the Women's Resource Center of Sarasota County.
In her ongoing commitment to students and her She is an enthusiastic supporter of the local arts and
realization of the challenges they face, Dr. Marieb has enjoys a competitive match of doubles tennis.
iv About the Authors
Katja Hoehn
Dr. Katja Hoehn is an instructor in the Department of During her 11 years at Mount Royal College, Dr.
Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Sciences at Hoehn has received numerous awards including a
Mount Royal College in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Hoehn PanCanadian Educational Thchnology Faculty Award
received her M.D. (with Distinction) from the Univer (1999), a Thaching Excellence Award from the Stu
sity of Saskatchewan, and her Ph.D. in Pharmacology dent's Association of Mount Royal College (2001),
from Dalhousie University. Dr. Hoehn has been a con and the Mount Royal College Distinguished Faculty
tributor to several books and has written numerous Teaching Award (2004). She is also actively involved
research papers in Neuroscience and Pharmacology. in the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society
In 1991, the Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation (HAPS). When not teaching, Dr. Hoehn likes to
presented her with the Max Forman (Jr.) Prize for ex spend time outdoors with her husband and two
cellence in medical research. During her Ph.D. and boys, compete in triathlons, and play Irish flute.
postdoctoral studies, Dr. Hoehn pursued her love of
teaching by presenting guest lectures to first- and
second-year medical students at Dalhousie University
and at the University of Calgary.
s educators, clinically trained individuals, For this edition, as for those preceding it, feedback
and perennial students, we are continually from both student and instructor reviews indicated
challenged by the learning mind. What areas of the text that needed to be revised for clarity,
works best to get students over conceptual timeliness, and just plain reduction of verbal meati
hurdles and to help them apply new information to ness. Overall, feedback was positive, verifying that the
the world they personally understand? Our clinical approach of explaining fundamental principles and
backgrounds have served our teaching and writing unifying themes fust as a strong base for all that comes
purposes well. Perhaps even more important, our clin later is still viable. Furthermore, it is clear that backing
ical experience has allowed us to view our presenta up these explanations with comfortable analogies and
tions through our students' eyes and from the vantage familiar examples enhances the students' understand
points of their career interests. ing of the workings of the human body.
Unifying Themes are integrated with the text to clarify and illuminate
normal functioning, not as an end in and of them
selves. For example, Chapter 19, which deals with
Three integrating themes that organized, unified, and
the structure and function of blood vessels, explains
set the tone of the fust edition of this text continue to
how the ability of healthy arteries to expand and recoil
be valid and are retained in this edition. These
ensures continuous blood flow and proper circulation.
themes are:
The chapter goes on to discuss the effects on homeo
Interrelationships of body organ systems. The fact stasis when arteries lose their elasticity: high blood
that nearly all regulatory mechanisms require inter pressure and all of its attendant problems. These
action of several organ systems is continuallyempha homeostatic imbalances are indicated visually by a
sized. For example, Chapter 25, which deals with purple symbol with a fulcrum.
n
the structure and function of the urinary system,
discusses the vital importance of the kidneys not only
in maintaining adequate blood volume to ensure Whenever students see the imbalance Syrilbol in
normal blood circulation, but also in continually text, the concept of disease as a loss of homeostasis
adjusting the chemical composition of blood so that is reinforced.
all body cells remain healthy. The unique Making
Complementarity of structure and function. Stu
Connections feature is the culmination of this ap
dents are encouraged to understand the structure of
proach and should help students think of the body as
an organ, a tissue, .o r a cell as a prerequisite to com
a dynamic community of interdependent parts
prehending its function. Concepts of physiology are
rather than as a number of isolated structural units.
explained and related to structural characteristics
Homeostasis. The normal and most desirable condi that promote or allow the various functions to occur.
tion of body functioning is homeostasis. Its loss or For example, the lungs can act as a gas exchange site
destruction always leads to some type of pathology because the walls of their air sacs present an incredibly
temporary or permanent. Pathological conditions thin barrier between blood and air.