Human anatomy & physiology

1278 Pages·2004·107.725 MB·English

by  Marieb, Elaine Nicpon

Human Anatomy &
Physiology
Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Icon Identification Guide Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes,
and Combining Forms
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
Prefixes and Combining Forms
Homcostatic imbalances are indicated by an orange symbol followed
by a heading. The icon is used to reinforce the concept that disease a-, an- absenceorlack acardia, lackofa heart; anaerobic, in the ab-
is viewed as a loss of homeostasis, hence an imbalance in body sence ofoxygen
functioning. ab- departingfrom; awayfrom abnormal, departingfrom normal
acou- hearing acoustics, the science of sound
ac-, aero- extremeorextremity-, peak acrodermatitis, inflammation
ofthe skin ofthe extremities
ad- toortoward adorbital, toward theorbit
aden-, adeno- gland adeniform, resembling a gland in shape
Keyquestions for selected figures address the concepts orprocesses adren- toward thekidney adrenal gland, adjacent to the kidney
aero- air aerobic respiration, oxygen-requiringmetabolism
depicted in the illustrations or in related topics covered earlier in
the text. Answers to these questions appear upside down on the af- toward afferentneurons,whichcarryimpulsestothecentralner-
vous system
same page as the figure.
agon- contest agonistic and antagonistic muscles, which oppose
each other
alb- white corpus albicans ofthe ovary, awhite scar tissue
InterActive Physiology® icons in the Chapter Summaryof ailment- nourish alimentarycanal, ordigestive tract
appropriate chapters refer the student to specific exercises on related allel- ofoneanother alleles, alternative expressions ofagene
amphi- on both sides; ofboth kinds amphibian, an organism capa-
InterActive Physiology® topics.
ble oflivinginwaterand on land
ana- apart, up, again anaphase of mitosis, when the chromosomes
Critical Thinking and separate
anastomos- cometogether arteriovenousanastomosis, aconnection
Clinical Application
between an artery and avein
Questions aneurysm a widening aortic aneurism, a weak spot that causes en-
Critical Thinkingand Clinical Applications Questions at the end of largement of the bloodvessel
everychapter are identified bya combined stethoscope and question angi- vessel angiitis, inflammationofa lymphvesselorbloodvessel
mark icon. angin- choked angina pectoris, a choked feeling in the chest due to
dysfunctionof the heart
ant-, anti- opposedto-,preventingorinhibiting anticoagulant, asub-
stance that prevents blood coagulation
ante- preceding; before antecubital, in front of the elbow
aort- greatartery aorta
ap-, api- tip, extremity apexofthe heart
append- hangto appendicular skeleton i
aqua-, aque- water aqueous solutions
arbor tree arborvitaeofthecerebellum, the treelikepatternofwhite
matter
areola- open space areolar connective tissue, a loose connective
tissue
arrect- upright arrector pili muscles of the skin, which make the
hairs stand erect
arthr-, arthro- joint arthropathy, anyjoint disease
artic- joint articularsurfaces ofbones, the points ofconnection
atri- vestibule atria, upperchambers ofthe heart
auscult- hsten auscultatorymethod for measuringbloodpressure
aut-, auto- self autogenous, self-generated
ax-, axi-, axo- axis, axle axial skeleton, axis ofvertebral column
azyg- unpaired azygousvein, anunpaired vessel
baro- pressure baroreceptors for monitoring bloodpressure
basal base basal lamina ofepithelialbasement membrane
bi- two bicuspid, havingtwo cusps
bili- bile bilirubin, abilepigment
bio- life biology, the studyoflife and livingorganisms
blast- budorgerm blastocyte, undifferentiated embryoniccell
brachi- arm brachial plexus of peripheral nervous system supplies
the arm
brady- slow bradycardia, abnormally slow heartrate
brev- short peroneus brevis, a short leg muscle
broncho- bronchus bronchospasm, spasmodiccontractionof
bronchial muscle
bucco- cheek buccolabial, pertaining to the cheekand lip
calor- heat calories, a measure ofenergy
capill- hair blood and lymphcapillaries
caput- head decapitate, remove the head dys- difficult, faulty, painful dyspepsia, disturbed digestion
carcin- cancer carcinogen, a cancer-causingagent ec-, ex-, ecto- out, outside, awayfrom excrete, to remove materials
cardi, cardio- heart cardiotoxic, harmful to the heart horn the body
cameo- flesh trabeculae carneae, ridges of muscle in the ventricles ectop- displaced ectopic pregnancy; ectopic focus for initiation of
ofthe heart heart contraction
carot- lj carrot, 2) stupor 1) carotene, anorangepigment; 2) carotid edem- swelling edema, accumulation ofwater inbodytissues
arteries in the neck, blockage causes fainting ef- away efferent nerve fibers, which carry impulses away from the
cata- down catabolism, chemicalbreakdown central nervous system
caud- tail caudal (directional term) ejac- toshootforth ejaculationofsemen
cec- blind cecum oflarge intestine, a blind-endedpouch embol- wedge embolus, anobstructiveobjecttravelingintheblood-
cele- abdominal celiac artery, in the abdomen stream
cephal- head cephalometer, an instrument for measuringthe head en-, em- in, inside encysted, enclosed in a cystorcapsule
cerebro- brain, especiallythe cerebrum cerebrospinal, pertainingto enceph- brain encephalitis, inflammationofthe brain
thebrain and spinal cord endo- within, inner endocytosis, takingparticles into a cell
cervic-, cervix neck cervixofthe uterus entero- intestine enterologist, one who specializes in the study of
chiasm- crossing opticchiasma, where optic nerves cross intestinal disorders
chole- bile cholesterol; cholecystokinin, abile-secretinghormone epi- over, above epidermis, outer layerof skin
chondr- cartilage chondrogenic, giving rise to cartilage erythr- red erythema, rednessofthe skin erythrocyte, redbloodcell
;
chrom- colored chromosome, so namedbecause theystain darkly eso- within esophagus
cili- smallhair ciliated epithelium eu- well euesthesia a normal state ofthe senses
circum- around circumnuclear, surroundingthe nucleus excret separate excretory system
clavic- key clavicle, a "skeleton key" exo- outside, outerlayer exophthalmos, an abnormal protrusion of
co-, con- together concentric, commoncenter, togetherinthecenter the eye from the orbit
coccy- cuckoo coccyx, which is beak-shaped extra- outside, beyond extracellular, outside the body cells of an
cochlea snailshell the cochlea of the inner ear, which is coiled like organism
a snail shell extrins- from the outside extrinsic regulation of the heart
coel- hollow coelom, theventral bodycavity fasci-, fascia- bundle, band superficial and deep fascia
commis- united gray commissure of the spinal cord connects the fenestr- window fenestrae of the innerear; fenestrated capillaries
two columns ofgraymatter ferr- iron transferrin, ferritin, both iron-storage proteins
concha shell nasal conchae, coiled shelves of bone in the nasal flagell- whip flagellum, the tail of a sperm cell
cavity flat- blow, blown flatulence
contra- against contraceptive, agent preventingconception folli- bag, bellows hairfollicle
corn-, cornu- horn stratum corneum, outer layer of the skin com- fontan- fountain fontanels of the fetal skull
posed of (horny) cells foram- opening foramen magnum ofthe skull
corona crown coronal suture ofthe skull foss- ditch fossa ovalis of the heart; mandibular fossa ofthe skull
corp- body corpse, corpus luteum, hormone-secreting body in the gam-, garnet- married, spouse gametes, the sexcells
ovary gangli- swelling, orknot dorsal rootganglia ofthe spinal nerves
cort- bark cortex, the outer layer of the brain, kidney, adrenal gastr- stomach gastrin, a hormone that influences gastric acid
glands, and lymph nodes secretion
cost- rib intercostal, between the ribs gene beginning, origin genetics
crani- skull craniotomy, a skull operation germin- grow germinal epithelium of thegonads
crypt- hidden cryptomenorrhea, a condition in which menstrual gero-, geront- oldman gerontology, the study of aging
symptoms are experienced butno external loss ofblood occurs gest- carried gestation, the period from conception to birth
cusp- pointed bicuspid, tricuspidvalves ofthe heart glauc- gray glaucoma, which causes gradual blindness
cutic- skin cuticle ofthe nail glom- ball glomeruli, clusters ofcapillaries in the kidneys
cyan- blue cyanosis, blue colorofthe skin due to lackofoxygen glosso- tongue glossopathy, anydisease ofthe tongue
cyst- sac, bladder cystitis, inflammation ofthe urinarybladder gluco-, glyco- gluconeogenesis, theproductionofglucose from non-
cyt- cell cytology, the studyofcells carbohydrate molecules
de- undoing, reversal,loss, removal deactivation, becominginactive glute- buttock gluteus maximus, largest muscle ofthe buttock
decid- fallingoff deciduous (milk) teeth gnost- knowing the gnostic sense, a sense of awareness ofself
delta triangular deltoid muscle, roughly triangular in shape gompho- nail gomphosis, the term applied to the joint between
den-, dent- tooth dentin ofthe tooth tooth and jaw
dendr- tree, branch dendrites, telodendria, both branches of a gon-, gono- seed, offspring gonads, the sexorgans
neuron gust- taste gustatory sense, the sense of taste
derm- skin dermis, deep layerof the skin hapt- fasten, grasp hapten, apartial antigen
desm- bond desmosome, whichbinds adjacentepithelial cells hema-, hemato-, hemo- blood hematocyst, a cyst containingblood
di- twice, double dimorphism, having two forms hemi- half hemiglossal, pertainingto one-halfof the tongue
dia- through, between diaphragm, thewall throughorbetween two hepat- hver hepatitis, inflammation ofthe liver
areas hetero- differentorother heterosexuality, sexual desire for aperson
dialys- separate, break apart kidney dialysis, in which waste prod- ofthe opposite sex
ucts are removed from theblood hiat- gap the hiatus of the diaphragm, the opening through which
diastol- stand apart cardiac diastole, between successive contrac- the esophagus passes
tions ofthe heart hippo- horse hippocampus ofthe brain, shaped like a seahorse
diure- urinate diuretic, a drugthat increases urine output hirsut- hairy hirsutism, excessive bodyhair
dors- the back dorsal; dorsum,- dorsiflexion hist- tissue histology, the studyoftissues
due-, duct lead, draw ductus deferenswhichcarries spermhornthe holo- whole holocrine glands, whose secretions arewhole cells
epididymis into the urethra duringejaculation horn-, homo- same homeoplasia, formationoftissue similartonor-
dura hard dura mater, toughouter meninx mal tissue; homocentric, havingthe same center
hormon- toexcite hormones meningo- membrane meningitis, inflammation of the membranes
humor- afluid humoral immunity, which involves antibodiescircu- of the brain
lating in the blood mer-, mero-, apart merocrineglands, thesecretionsofwhichdonot
hyal- clear hyaline cartilage, which has novisible fibers include the cell
hydr-, hydro- water dehydration, loss ofbodywater meso- middle mesoderm, middlegerm layer
hyper- excess hypertension, excessive tension meta- beyond, between, transition metatarsus, the part of the foot
hypno- sleep hypnosis, a sleeplike state between the tarsus and the phalanges
hypo- below, deficient hypodermic, beneath the skin hypokalemia, metro- uterus metroscope, instrument forexaminingthe uterus
;
deficiency of potassium micro- small microscope, aninstrumentusedtomakesmallobjects
hyster-, hystero- uterus or womb hysterectomy, removal of the appear larger
uterus; hysterodynia, pain in thewomb mictur- urinate micturition, the act ofvoiding the bladder
ile- intestine ileum, the last portion ofthe small intestine mito- thread, filament mitochondria, small, filamentlike structures
im- not impermeable, not permittingpassage, notpermeable located in cells
inter- between intercellular, between the cells mnem- memory amnesia
intercal- insert intercalated discs, the end membranes between ad- mono- single monospasm, spasm ofa single limb
jacent cardiac muscle cells morpho- form morphology, the study of form and structure or
intra- within, inside intracellular, inside the cell organisms
iso- equal, same isothermal, equal, orsame, temperature multi- many multinuclear, havingseveral nuclei
jugul- throat jugularveins, prominentvessels in the neck mural wall intramural ganglion, a nerve junctionwithin anorgan
DNA
juxta- near, close to juxtaglomerularapparatus, acellclusternext to muta- change mutation, change in the base sequence of
the glomeruli in the kidneys myelo- spinalcord, marrow myeloblasts, cells of thebone marrow
karyo- kernal nucleus karyotype, the assemblage of the nuclear myo- muscle myocardium, heart muscle
chromosomes nano- dwarf nanometer, one billionth ofa meter
kera- born keratin, thewater-repellentprotein ofthe skin narco- numbness narcotic, a drug producing stupor or numbed
kilo- thousand kilocalories, equal to one thousand calories sensations
kin-, kines- move kinetic energy, the energyof motion natri- sodium atrialnatriureticfactor, asodium-regulatinghormone
labi-, labri- lip labial frenulum, the membrane which joins the lip necro- death necrosis, tissue death
to the gum neo- new neoplasm, an abnormal growth
lact- milk lactose, milk sugar nephro- kidney nephritis, inflammationofthe kidney
lacun- space, cavity, lake lacunae, the spaces occupied by cells of neuro- nerve neurophysiology, thephysiologyofthenervoussystem
cartilage and bone tissue noci- harmful nociceptors, receptors forpain
lamell- small plate concentric lamellae, rings of bone matrix in nom- name innominate artery; innominate bone
compact bone noto- back notochord, the embryonic structure that precedes the
lamina layer, sheet basal lamina, part of the epithelial basement vertebral column
membrane nucle- pit, kernel, httle nut nucleus
lat- wide latissimus dorsi, a broad muscle of the back nutri- feed, nourish nutrition
laten- hidden latentperiod ofa muscle twitch ob- before, against obstruction, impedingorblockingup
later- side lateral (directional term) oculo- eye monocular, pertainingto one eye
leuko- white leukocyte, white blood cell odonto- teeth orthodontist, onewho specializes inproperposition-
leva- raise, elevate levator labii superioris, muscle that elevates up- ingofthe teeth in relation to each other
per lip olfact- smell olfactory nerves
lingua- tongue lingual tonsil, adjacent to the tongue oligo- few oligodendrocytes, neuroglial cellswith fewbranches
lip-, lipo- fat, hpid lipophage, a cell that has taken up fat in its onco- a mass oncology, studyofcancer
cytoplasm oo- egg ocyte, precursoroffemalegamete
lith- stone cholelithiasis, gallstones ophthalmo- eye ophthalmology, the study of the eyes and related
luci- clear stratum lucidum, clearlayerof theepidermis disease
lumen light lumen, centerofa hollowstructure orb- circular orbicularis oculi, muscle that encircles the eye
lut- yellow corpus luteum, ayellow, hormone-secretingstructurein orchi- testis cryptorchidism, failureofthe testes todescendinto the
the ovary scrotum
lymph water lymphatic circulation, return of clear fluid to the org- hving organism
bloodstream ortho- straight, direct orthopedic, correction of deformities of the
macro- large macromolecule, large molecule musculoskeletal system
macula spot macula lutea, yellowspoton the retina osm- smell anosmia, loss ofsense ofsmell
magn- large foramen magnum, largest openingofthe skull osmo- pushing osmosis
mal- bad, abnormal malfunction, abnormalfunctioningofanorgan osteo- bone osteodermia, bonyformations in the skin
mamm- breast mammarygland, breast oto- ear otoscope, adevice forexaminingthe ear
mast- breast mastectomy, removal ofa mammarygland ov-, ovi- egg ovum, oviduct
mater mother dura mater, pia mater, membranes that envelop the oxy- oxygen oxygenation, the saturation ofa substancewithoxygen
brain pan- all, universal panacea, acure-all
meat- passage external auditorymeatus, theearcanal papill- nipple dermal papillae, projections of the dermis into the
medi- middle medial (directional term) epidermal area
medull- marrow medulla, themiddleportionofthekidney, adrenal para- beside, near paraphrenias, inflammation of tissues adjacent
gland, and lymph node to the diaphragm
mega- large megakaryocyte, largeprecursor cell ofplatelets pect-, pectus breast pectoralis major, a largechestmuscle
meio- less meiosis, nuclear division that halves the chromosome pelv- a basin pelvicgirdle, whichcradles thepelvic organs
number peni- a tail penis; penileurethra
melan- black melanocytes, which secrete the black pigment penna- a wing unipennate, bipennatemuscles,whosefascicleshave
melanin a feathered appearance
men-, menstru- month menses, the cyclic menstrual flow pent- five pentose, a 5-carbon sugar
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Human Anatomy &
Physiolo
Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D.
Holyoke Community College
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon
Human anatomy & physiology/ Elaine N. Marieb.—6th ed.
cm.
p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8053-5463-8
1. Human physiology. 2. Human anatomy. I. Title: Human anatomy and
physiology. II. Title.
QP34.5 .M265 2003
612-dc21 2003045951
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