Human Anatomy and Physiology

428 Pages·2007·11.3 MB·English

LECTURE NOTES

For Nursing Students

Human Anatomy
and Physiology

Nega Assefa
Alemaya University
Yosief Tsige
Jimma University

In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center,
the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education

2003
Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00.

Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter
Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education.

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Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this
publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or
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©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige

All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without written permission of the author or authors.

This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or
students and faculty in a health care field.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Preface

There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material
in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter
Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the
development of this lecture note that could help both the
teachers and students.

Human anatomy and physiology is more than just interesting,
it is fascinating. To help get the students and instructions
involved in the study of this subject, a number of special
features are incorporated throughout the lecture note.

The lecture note provides a thorough review of human
anatomy and physiology applicable to the nurses. It covers all
body parts using a systemic approach. Each chapter is
designed to aid effective student learning.

Each chapter contains:
- The Learning objectives: what the students are expected
to accomplish upon completion of a particular chapter.
- Key concepts: summary of selected key terms included in
the chapter.
- Illustrations: there will aid the students to achieve a better
understanding of the subject matter.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Review questions: a cross check to know if the students
have come to grasp concepts stated in the chapter.

We hope that you enjoy the lecture note of Human Anatomy
and Physiology for nurses. Please let us know if you have any
comments regarding this lecture note.

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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Acknowledgments

We are highly indebted to acknowledge the authors of the
reference books we used in preparing this lecture note. We
would like to extend our appreciation to the different
professionals involved in reviewing this manuscript through its
process specially Dr. Yamrot Kinfu, Head, Department of
Anatomy, Medical Faculty, AAU. We are also grateful to The
Carter Center EPHTI for facilitating the preparation of this
lecture note. Our gratitude also goes to the assistance offered
by Jimma and Alemaya Universities for facilitating the
opportunities and resources utilized to develop the lecture
note.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
List of tables
Abbreviations
Introduction
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER TWO – CELL
CHAPTER THREE – TISSUES AND MEMBRANE
CHAPTER FOUR – THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER FIVE – THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER SIX – THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER SEVEN – THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER EIGHT – THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CHAPTER NINE – CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER TEN – RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER ELEVEN – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER TWELVE – THE URINARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER THIRTEEN _ FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
CHAPTER FOURTEEN – THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Glossary
Answers to the study questions
References

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Human Anatomy and Physiology
List of Tables

Table 1.1 Directional terms
Table 5. 1 Comparison between bone and cartilage
Table 5.2 Divisions of the adult skeleton (206 bones)
Table 5.3 Descriptions and functions of Cranial Bones
Table 5.4 Descriptions and Functions of Facial bones
Table 5.5 Bones of the vertebral column (26 bones)
Table 5.6 Upper extremity bones and their function
Table 5.7 Bones of the lower extremity and their function
Table 5.8 Classifications of joints
Table 5.9 Various types of movements by synovial joint
Table 6-1 Summary of events in the contraction of a
muscle fiber
Table 6-2 Head and neck muscles
Table 6-3 Trunk muscles
Table 6-4 Upper limb muscles
Table 6-5 Lower limb muscles
Table 7-1 Functions of Major Divisions of the Brain
Table 7-2 Effects of the sympathetic and
Parasympathetic Systems on Selected Organs
Table 7-3 Special Sense Organs
Table 9-1 The ABO Blood Group System
Table 10-1 Breathing Volumes
Table 11-1 Chemical Digestion
Table 12.1 The main structural components of a nephron
and their function.
Table 14.1 The Menstrual Cycle
Table 14.2 Summary of major reproduction hormones
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Abbreviations

Ach: Acetylcholine
ACTH: Adrino Cortico Trophic Hormone
ADH: Anti di Uretic Hormone
ADP: Adenosine Di Phosphate
ANS: Autonomic Nervous System
ATP: Adenosine Tri Phosphate
C: Cervical, cervical vertebrae, (C4 cervical vertebrae 4)
cm: Centi meter
CNS: Central Nervous System
CRH: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
CSF: Cerebro Spinal Fluid
DIT: Di Iodo Tyrosine
DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
/d: Per day
ECF: Extra Cellular Fluid
ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum
FSH: Follicular stimulating hormone
g: Gram
GHIH: Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
GHRH: Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
GI: Gastro Intestinal
GnRH: Gondotrophin Releasing Hormone
HCG: Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin hormone
Hcl: Hydrochloric acid
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
hGH: Human Growth Hormone
ICSH: Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
IGF: Insulin like Growth Factors
IUD: Intra Uterine Device
L: Lumbar, lumbar vertebrae, (L3, lumbar vertebrae 3)
l: liter
LES: Lower esophageal sphincter
LH: Leutinizing Hormone
LPH: Lito tropin Hormone
m: Meter
MIT: Mono Iodo Tyrosine
ml.: Mili liter
mm: Milli meter
P: Phosphate
PBI: Protein Bound Iodine
PH: Power of Hydrogen
PIH: Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
PNS: Peripheral Servous System
POMC: Pro-Opio Melano Cortin
PRH: Prolactin Releasing Hormone
PTH: Para Thyroid Hormone
RNA: Ribo Neuclic Acid
rRNA: Ribosomal Ribo Neuclic Acid
T: Thoracic, thoracic vertebrae, (T1 thoracic vertebrae 1)
T Tri iodo tyronin
3:
T Thyroxin
4:
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
TGB: Tyro globulin
TRH: Tyro tropin Releasing Hormone
TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
UV: Ultra Violet
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