Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology PDF
Preview Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology
0813343679 text.qxd 11/12/07 9:16 AM Page i HUMAN ADAPTABILITY 0813343679 text.qxd 11/12/07 9:16 AM Page iii THIRD EDITION HUMAN A DA P TA B I L I T Y AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY E F. M M I L I O O R A N New York London 0813343679 text.qxd 11/12/07 9:16 AM Page iv First published 2008 by Westview Press Published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2008 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Designed by Trish Wilkinson Set in 10 point Adobe Garamond Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Moran, Emilio F. Human adaptability : an introduction to ecological anthropology / Emilio F. Moran. — 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8133-4367-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8133-4367-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Human beings—Effect of environment on. 2. Adaptation (Physiology) I. Title. GF51.M58 2008 304.2—dc22 2007036237 ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-4367-9 (pbk) 0813343679 text.qxd 11/12/07 9:16 AM Page v To Carlos Coimbra Jr. Jonathan Hill Ricardo Santos Peter Little Eduardo Neves Mahir Saul Eduardo Brondizio Maria de Lourdes Villar Andrea Siqueira Janette Rawlings Fabio de Castro Nicholar Shorr Maria Clara da Silva-Forsberg Stefano Fiorini Mateus Batistella Geoff Childs Celia Futemma Lisa Cliggett Maria Angelica Toniolo Brian Donahoe Francisco Gurri Bret Ruby Nora Haenn Martha Balshem Andreas Massing Katherine Dettwyler and many other past students, now colleagues, always friends and scholars—and always an inspiration to me in trying to understand human-environment interactions. Thanks! I dedicate this book to all of you! 0813343679 text.qxd 11/12/07 9:16 AM Page vii CONTENTS List of Illustrations xi Preface to the Third Edition xv List of Acronyms xxi PART ONE ENVIRONMENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY History,Theory,and Method 1 PEOPLE IN ECOSYSTEMS 3 Human Adaptability as a Response to Constraints, 6 Modeling, 11 Energy, 14 Matter, 18 Information, 20 Ecosystems and Global Change, 22 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 23 Note, 25 2 THEORIES OF HUMAN-HABITAT INTERACTION 27 Environmental Determinism, 28 Cultural Determinism: Nature as a Limiting Factor, 31 Human Adaptation to Environment, 34 Cultural Ecology: Comparison in Human-Environment Research, 39 Applications of the Cultural Ecological Method, 41 vii 0813343679 text.qxd 11/12/07 9:16 AM Page viii viii Contents Ecological Anthropology, 47 Ethnoecological and Cognitive Approaches, 50 Historical Ecology, 51 Political Ecology, 53 Political Economy and Human Adaptability, 55 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 56 Notes, 58 3 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND METHODS 61 Ecosystem Relationships, 61 Soils and Plant Productivity, 68 Physiological Responses, 77 Sociocultural Regulatory Adjustments, 83 Information and Decisions: Toward Actor-Based Approaches, 86 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 89 Note, 91 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS 93 The Challenge of Scale and Levels of Analysis, 95 Human Adaptability to Global Environmental Change, 98 The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Social Sciences, 100 Experimental Approaches in the Social Sciences, 113 Spatial Analysis and the Study of Institutions, 115 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 117 Notes, 120 PART TWO STUDIES OF HUMAN ADAPTABILITY 5 HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO ARCTIC ZONES 123 The Arctic Ecosystem, 124 Adaptation to Cold Stress, 130 Coping with Snow and Sea Ice, 136 Adaptation to Prolonged Light and Darkness, 139 Coping with Low Biological Productivity, 142 Change in the Arctic, 146 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 151 Note, 155 0813343679 text.qxd 11/12/07 9:16 AM Page ix Contents ix 6 HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO HIGH ALTITUDES 157 Mountain Ecosystems, 159 Adaptation to Hypoxia, 163 Adaptability to Cold Stress in the Andes, 174 Aridity and Low Productivity, 176 Climate Change and High Altitude Ecosystems, 182 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 183 Notes, 186 7 HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO ARID LANDS 189 Desert Ecosystems, 190 Adjustments to Dry Heat, 196 Utilization of Resources, 201 Irrigation, 208 Change in Desert Ecosystems, 220 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 222 8 HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO GRASSLANDS 227 Grasslands Ecosystems, 229 Herd Management, 236 Relations with Cultivators, 248 Adaptive Strategies in the Northern Plains, 249 Global Change and the Future of Grasslands and Pastoralism, 257 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 259 9 HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO THE HUMID TROPICS 263 Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, 266 Coping with Ecosystem Complexity, 273 Adaptability to Humid Heat, 292 Global Change Processes and Alternatives to Deforestation, 295 Suggested Readings and Useful Websites, 300 Notes, 304 PART THREE URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 10 URBAN ECOLOGY AND URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 307 The History of Cities, 310 The Ecology of Cities, 311
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