Hugo and Russell's pharmaceutical microbiology PDF
Preview Hugo and Russell's pharmaceutical microbiology
Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology EDITED BY Stephen P Denyer B Pharm PhD FRPharmS Welsh School of Pharmacy Cardiff University Cardiff Norman A Hodges B Pharm PhD MRPharmS School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Brighton University Lewes Road Brighton Sean P Gorman BSc PhD MPS School of Pharmacy Queen’s University Belfast Medical Biology Centre University Road Belfast SEVENTH EDITION Blackwell Science © 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company Blackwell Science, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 1977 Italian edition 1991 Second edition 1980 Fifth edition 1992 Third edition 1983 Reprinted 1993, 1994, 1995 Reprinted 1986 Sixth edition 1998 Fourth edition 1987 Reprinted 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 Reprinted 1989, 1991 Seventh edition 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hugo and Russell’s pharmaceutical microbiology / edited by Stephen Denyer, Norman A. Hodges, Sean P. Gorman.—7th ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Pharmaceutical microbiology / edited by W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russell. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-06467-6 1. Pharmaceutical microbiology. [DNLM: 1. Anti-Infective Agents. 2. Technology, Pharmaceutical. QV 250 H895 2004] I. Title: Pharmaceutical microbiology. II. Hugo, W. B. (William Barry) III. Denyer, S. P. IV. Hodges, Norman A.V,. Gorman, S. P. VI. Pharmaceutical microbiology. QR46.5.P48 2004 615¢.1¢01579—dc22 2003024264 ISBN 0–632–06467–6 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in Sabon 9.5/12 pt by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by Ashford Colour Press, Gosport Commissioning Editor: Maria Khan Managing Editor: Rupal Malde Production Editor: Fiona Pattison Production Controller: Kate Charman For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Contributors, vii 11. Laboratory Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents, 187 Preface to Seventh Edition, ix JMB Smith 12. Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics and Preface to First Edition, x Synthetic Anti-infective Agents, 202 Peter Lambert Part 1: Biology of Microorganisms 13. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics, 220 Anthony Smith 1. Introduction to Pharmaceutical 14. Clinical Uses of Antimicrobial Drugs, 233 Microbiology, 3 Roger Finch Stephen Denyer, Norman Hodges and Sean Gorman 2. Fundamental Features of Part 3: Microbiological Aspects of Microbiology, 9 Pharmaceutical Processing Norman Hodges 15. Ecology of Microorganisms as it Affects the 3. Bacteria, 23 Pharmaceutical Industry, 251 David Allison and Peter Gilbert Elaine Underwood 4. Fungi, 44 16. Microbial Spoilage, Infection Risk and Kevin Kavanagh and Derek Sullivan Contamination Control, 263 5. Viruses, 59 Rosamund Baird Jean-Yves Maillard and David Stickler 17. Chemical Disinfectants, Antiseptics and 6. Protozoa, 82 Preservatives, 285 Tim Paget Sean Gorman and Eileen Scott 7. Principles of Microbial Pathogenicity and 18. Non-Antibiotic Antibacterial Agents: Mode Epidemiology, 103 of Action and Resistance, 306 Peter Gilbert and David Allison Stephen Denyer and A Denver Russell 19. Sterile Pharmaceutical Products, 323 Part 2: Antimicrobial Agents James Ford 8. Basic Aspects of the Structure and Functioning 20. Sterilization Procedures and Sterility of the Immune System, 117 Assurance, 346 Mark Gumbleton and James Furr Stephen Denyer and Norman Hodges 9. Vaccination and Immunization, 138 21. Factory and Hospital Hygiene, 376 Peter Gilbert and David Allison Robert Jones 10. Types of Antibiotics and Synthetic 22. Manufacture of Antibiotics, 387 Antimicrobial Agents, 152 Sally Varian A Denver Russell v Contents 23. The Manufacture and Quality Control of 25. Additional Applications of Microorganisms in Immunological Products, 398 the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 441 Michael Corbel Denver Russell 24. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 416 Miguel Cámara Index, 459 vi Contributors Dr David Allison Professor James Ford Dr Robert Jones School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical School of Pharmacy and Chemistry School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Sciences Liverpool John Moores University University of Portsmouth University of Manchester Byrom Street St Michael’s Building Oxford Road Liverpool L3 3AF White Swan Road Manchester M13 9PL UK Portsmouth PO1 2DT UK UK Dr James Furr Dr Rosamund Baird Welsh School of Pharmacy Dr Kevin Kavanagh Visiting Senior Lecturer Cardiff University Head of Medical Mycology Unit School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology King Edward VII Avenue Department of Biology University of Bath Cardiff CF10 3XF National University of Ireland Claverton Down Wales Maynooth Bath BA2 7AY Co. Kildare UK Professor Peter Gilbert Ireland School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Dr Miguel Cámara Sciences Dr Peter Lambert Senior Lecturer in Molecular Microbiology University of Manchester Aston Pharmacy School Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Oxford Rd Aston University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Manchester M13 9PL Aston Triangle University of Nottingham UK Birmingham B4 7ET Nottingham NG7 2RD UK UK Professor Sean Gorman Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Dr Jean-Yves Maillard Dr Michael Corbel School of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular National Institute for Biological Standards The Queen’s University of Belfast Sciences and Control Belfast BT9 7BL University of Brighton Blanche Lane Northern Ireland Lewes Rd South Mimms Brighton BN2 4GJ Potters Bar Dr Mark Gumbleton UK Hertfordshire EN6 3QG Welsh School of Pharmacy UK Cardiff University Dr Tim Paget King Edward VII Avenue Department of Biological Sciences Professor Stephen Denyer Cardiff CF10 3XF University of Hull Welsh School of Pharmacy Wales Hull HU6 7RX Cardiff University UK Cardiff CF10 3XF Dr Norman Hodges UK Principal Lecturer in Pharmaceutical Professor A Denver Russell Microbiology Welsh School of Pharmacy Professor Roger Finch School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Cardiff University Professor of Infectious Diseases Sciences King Edward VII Avenue Clinical Sciences Building University of Brighton Cardiff CF10 3XF University of Nottingham Lewes Road Wales The City Hospital Brighton BN2 4GJ Nottingham NG5 1PB UK Dr Eileen Scott UK School of Pharmacy The Queen’s University of Belfast Belfast BT9 7BL Northern Ireland vii Contributors Dr Anthony Smith Dr David Stickler Dr Elaine Underwood Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology School of Biosciences SMA Nutrition University of Bath (5 West—2.18) Cardiff University Huntercomb Lane South Claverton Down Main Building Taplow Bath BA2 7AY Museum Avenue Maidenhead UK PO Box 915 Berks SL6 0PH Cardiff CF10 3TL UK Professor JMB (Sandy) Smith Wales Head of Department of Microbiology Dr Sally Varian Otago School of Medical Sciences Dr Derek Sullivan Consultant University of Otago Microbiology Research Unit Ulverston Dunedin School of Dental Science Cumbria LA12 8PT New Zealand Trinity College UK Dublin 2 Ireland viii Preface to the Seventh edition We were much honoured to be recommended by We must thank our contributors for their Professor A.D. Russell to act as editors for the 7th willing collaboration in this enterprise, especially edition of Pharmaceutical Microbiology. All three Professor Russell for his continuing contri- of us have used this textbook in its various editions butions, and our publishers for their support and throughout our careers as teachers and researchers, expertise. and we recognize the important role it fulfils. Finally, this addition is a tribute to the farsighted- As might be anticipated when a new editorial ness of A.D. Russell and W.B. Hugo who took up team is in place, a substantial number of changes the challenge in 1977 to produce a popular and con- have been made. Well over half the chapters have cise read for pharmacy students required to study new authors or co-authors. We also use Chapter 1 pharmaceutical microbiology. We are delighted to give a rationale for the scope and content of the that this current edition recognizes these origins by book, emphasizing the interrelated character of the continuing the association with Hugo and Russell discipline of pharmaceutical microbiology. In addi- in its revised title. tion, by combining and reorganizing chapters, by introducing new material and through a revised S.P. Denyer page format we have tried to provide readers with a S.P. Gorman distinctive 7th edition. N.A. Hodges ix Preface to the First Edition When we were first approached by the publishers to the following pages. The editors must bear respon- write a textbook on pharmaceutical microbiology sibility for any omissions, a point which has most to appear in the spring of 1977, it was felt that such concerned us. Length and depth of treatment were a task could not be accomplished satisfactorily in determined by the dictate of our publishers. It is the time available. hoped that the book will provide a concise reading However, by a process of combined editorship for pharmacy students (who, at the moment, lack a and by invitation to experts to contribute to the textbook in this subject) and help to highlight those various chapters this task has been accomplished parts of a general microbiological training which thanks to the cooperation of our collaborators. impinge on the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical microbiology may be defined as In conclusion, the editors thank most sincerely that part of microbiology which has a special bear- the contributors to this book, both for complying ing on pharmacy in all its aspects. This will range with our strictures as to the length of their contribu- from the manufacture and quality control of phar- tion and for providing their material on time, and maceutical products to an understanding of the our publishers for their friendly courtesy and effi- mode of action of antibiotics. The full extent of ciency during the production of this book. We also microbiology on the pharmaceutical area may be wish to thank Dr H.J. Smith for his advice on vari- judged from the chapter contents. ous chemical aspects, Dr M.I. Barnett for useful As this book is aimed at undergraduate comments on reverse osmosis, and Mr A. Keall pharmacy students (as well as microbiologists en- who helped with the table on sterilization methods. tering the pharmaceutical industry) we were under constraint to limit the length of the book to retain it W.B. Hugo in a defined price range. The result is to be found in A.D. Russell x Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Seventh Edition Edited by Stephen P Denyer, Norman A Hodges, Sean P Gorman Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd Part 1 Biology of Microorganisms
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