Hub Cities in the Knowledge Economy: Seaports, Airports, Brainports

285 Pages·2014·3.02 MB·English

by  Ben Derudder

Hub Cities in tHe Knowledge eConomy
transport and mobility series
series editors: Richard Knowles, university of salford, uK and markus Hesse,
université du luxembourg and on behalf of the Royal geographical society
(with the institute of british geographers) transport geography Research group
(tgRg).
the inception of this series marks a major resurgence of geographical research
into transport and mobility. Reflecting the dynamic relationships between socio-
spatial behaviour and change, it acts as a forum for cutting-edge research into
transport and mobility, and for innovative and decisive debates on the formulation
and repercussions of transport policy making.
Also in the series
institutional barriers to sustainable transport
Carey Curtis and Nicholas Low
isbn 978 0 7546 7692 8
daily spatial mobilities
Physical and Virtual
Aharon Kellerman
isbn 978 1 4094 2362 1
territorial implications of High speed Rail
A spanish Perspective
Edited by José M. de Ureña
isbn 978 1 4094 3052 0
sustainable transport, mobility management and travel Plans
Marcus Enoch
isbn 978 0 7546 7939 4
transition towards sustainable mobility
the Role of instruments, individuals and institutions
Edited by Harry Geerlings, Yoram Shiftan and Dominic Stead
isbn 978 1 4094 2469 7
For further information about this series, please visit www.ashgate.com
Hub Cities in the
Knowledge economy
seaports, Airports, brainports
Edited by
sVen ConVentz
Munich University of Technology, Germany
ben deRuddeR
Ghent University, Belgium
AlAin tHieRstein
Munich University of Technology, Germany
FRAnK witlox
Ghent University, Belgium
© sven Conventz, ben derudder, Alain thierstein, Frank witlox and the contributors 2014
All rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
sven Conventz, ben derudder, Alain thierstein and Frank witlox have asserted their right
under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this
work.
Published by
Ashgate Publishing limited Ashgate Publishing Company
wey Court east 110 Cherry street
Union Road Suite 3-1
Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818
surrey, gu9 7Pt usA
england
www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the british library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Conventz, sven.
Hub cities in the knowledge economy : seaports, airports, brainports / by sven Conventz,
ben derudder, Alain thierstein and Frank witlox.
pages cm. — (transport and mobility)
includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4094-4591-3 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4094-4592-0 (ebook) —
ISBN 978-1-4094-7168-4 (epub) 1. Knowledge management. 2. Knowledge economy.
3. information technology. 4. Cities and towns. 5. Regional economics. i. title.
Hd30.2.C6548 2013
338.9’26—dc23
2013023976
isbn 9781409445913 (hbk)
isbn 9781409445920 (ebk–PdF)
isbn 9781409471684 (ebk–ePub)
III
Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Notes on Contributors xi
Introduction 1
Ben Derudder, Sven Conventz, Alain Thierstein and Frank Witlox
Part I
1 Knowledge Flows and Physical Connectivity in the
Global Economy: An Exploration of the Related Geographies
of Producer Services and Air Passenger Markets 11
Ben Derudder, Elien Van De Vijver and Frank Witlox
2 Knowledge Hubs: Poles of Physical Accessibility and
Non-physical Connectivity 31
Michael Bentlage, Alain Thierstein and Stefan Lüthi
3 Knowledge Hubs in the Polycentric German Urban System
between Concentration Processes and Conurbation Dynamics 55
Anna Growe
4 Hub-airports as Cities of Intersections: The Redefined Role of
Hub-airports within the Knowledge Economy Context 77
Sven Conventz and Alain Thierstein
5 European Port Cities: Embodiments of Interaction –
Knowledge and Freight Flow as Catalysts of Spatial Development 95
Anne Wiese and Alain Thierstein
Part II
6 Hub Cities in the Evolving Internet 123
Edward J. Malecki
7 Urban and Regional Analysis and the Digital Revolution:
Challenges and Opportunities 145
Emmanouil Tranos and Peter Nijkamp
vi Hub Cities in the Knowledge Economy
8 Mediating the City: The Role of Planned Media Cities
in the Geographies of Creative Industry Activity 163
Oli Mould
Part III
9 Agglomeration and Knowledge in European Regional Growth 181
Teodora Dogaru, Frank van Oort, Dario Diodato
and Mark Thissen
10 Types of Hub Cities and their Effects on
Urban Creative Economies 203
Zachary P. Neal
11 Capital Cities as Knowledge Hubs: The Economic Geography
of Homeland Security Contracting 223
Heike Mayer and Margaret Cowell
Index 247
List of Figures
2.1 Calculation of accessibility for Functional Urban Areas 40
2.2 Interlock connectivity of APS and high-tech sectors on the
regional and global scale (own calculation) 42
2.3 Set of variables and methodological proceeding 44
2.4 Correlation between interlock connectivity on different scales,
accessibility by different modes, population, and employment
(own calculation) 44
2.5 Hirschman-Herfindahl-Index of knowledge intensive
employment 46
2.6 Map of value-adding activities in the FUAs of Germany 47
3.1 Conceptualization of hubs 58
3.2 Index of size 66
3.3 Index of change 70
3.4 Hub index 71
4.1 The three pillars of the knowledge economy 81
4.2 Agglomeration and network economies in the context
of Mega-City Region development 84
4.3 Selected annual prime rents for 2009 in €/m² 88
5.1 Advanced Producer Service firms in the North of Germany
with port cities marked in black 102
5.2 Superposition of multi-port gateway regions and APS hubs 105
5.3 Research framework 106
5.4 Maritime network of cooperation for innovation 108
5.5a Aggregated network of firms on a super-regional level 109
5.5b Connectivity of firms within the maritime economy
of Northern Germany 110
5.6 Local clusters of firms within three separate modules in Hamburg 112
5.7 Freight traffic within the northern German region via rail 114
9.1 Productivity growth and employment growth 2000–2010
in European regions 187
9.2 The relation between productivity growth (2000–2010)
and productivity level (2000) (triangles: objective-one regions) 188
viii Hub Cities in the Knowledge Economy
9.3 Private R&D (top left), Public R&D (top right), degree of
specialization (bottom left) and educational level (bottom right)
in 235 European regions 191
10.1 Conceptions of centrality and theories of regional economics 205
10.2 Conceptions of trip in the Origin and Destination Survey 211
10.3 Hub profiles for three cities 214
11.1 Homeland security procurement trends, 2001 to 2004 231
11.2 Homeland security procurement by state, 2001 to 2004 232
11.3 Department of Defense procurement, 2001 to 2004 233
11.4 Homeland Security Procurement ranked by metropolitan
and micropolitan areas, 2004 234
11.5 Homeland security procurement in the Washington D.C.
metropolitan region, 2001 to 2004 238
List of Tables
1.1 Data subset 17
1.2 Bivariate correlations between passenger flows and
independent variables 19
1.3 Results from the stepwise regression model (parameters are
ordered by their relative statistical importance) 20
1.4 Main residuals from the stepwise regression model 21
3.1 The 20 most important hub cities in the German urban system 65
3.2 Correlation between KBPs and connectivity at the starting
point of measurement and structural reference numbers in
all 439 counties 66
3.3 Most positive and most negative relative changes of
importance of hubs 67
3.4 Correlation of size at starting point and relative changes
in all 439 counties in Germany 68
6.1 Types of networks and the prevalence of private peering, 2010 128
6.2 Public peering at IXPs and private peering in the PeeringDB
data base, October 2010 128
6.3 Largest Internet exchange points (IXPs) for public peering 129
6.4 Leading private peering facilities, 2010 131
6.5 Google data centers 133
6.6 Google: public and private peering locations, 2009–2011 134
6.7 Amazon data centres 136
6.8 Amazon: public and private peering locations, 2009–2011 137
6.9 Facebook: public and private peering locations, 2009–2011 138
6.10 Comparison of the four large content networks 139
7.1 Amsterdam’s heart-beat using mobile phone data 155
9.1 Descriptive statistics and correlations of explanatory variables 193
9.2 Regression results for productivity growth and employment
growth in 235 European regions, 2000–2010 196
10.1 Three conceptions of a Hub City 210
10.2 Top 10 U.S. Hub Cities in 2010, by type of hub 213
10.3 Effects of hubness on creative employment (N = 128) 215