7th Edition How to Win Your Personal Injury Claim By Attorney Joseph L. Matthews e NOLO Story Dear friends, Since 1971, Nolo has worked hard to help Americans get a fair shake from the legal system. How? By producing books, software, forms and a website that translate legal jargon into plain English, off er clear instructions for routine tasks and break down complex systems into easy-to-understand components. All of our publications are relentlessly researched and tested by a dedicated group of in-house legal editors. And when we come out with a new edition, you’ll know that it’s been thoroughly updated. ere’s a reason why Nolo is not only the nation’s oldest, but also the most respected provider of legal information. Our mission, refl ected in everything we publish, is to give consumers and small businesses the best information available. We’re proud that tens of millions of Americans have looked to Nolo to help them solve their problems and achieve their goals. 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If you want the help of a trained professional—and we’ll always point out situations in which we think that’s a good idea—consult an attorney licensed to practice in your state. 7th Edition How to Win Your Personal Injury Claim By Attorney Joseph L. Matthews SEVENTH EdiTioN april 2009 Editor Emily doSkow Cover design SuSaN puTNEy proofreader ElaiNE mErrill index THérèSE SHErE printing dElTa priNTiNg SoluTioNS, iNC. matthews, J. l., 1946- How to win your personal injury claim / by Joseph l. matthews. -- 7th ed. p. cm. includes index. iSBN-13: 978-1-4133-1016-0 (pbk.) iSBN-10: 1-4133-1016-8 (pbk.) 1. personal injuries--united States--popular works. 2. accident insurance claims--united States--popular works. 3. liability insurance claims--united States--popular works. i. Title. kF1257.m38 2009 346.7303'23--dc22 2009000965 Copyright © 1992, 1993, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2009 by Joseph l. matthews. all rigHTS rESErVEd. priNTEd iN THE u.S.a. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission. reproduction prohibitions do not apply to the forms c ontained in this product when reproduced for personal use. Quantity sales: For information on bulk purchases or corporate premium sales, please contact the Special Sales department. For academic sales or textbook adoptions, ask for academic Sales. Call 800-955-4775 or write to Nolo, 950 parker Street, Berkeley, Ca 94710. Acknowledgments Tanks go to several people who gave of their time and skills to help make this book happen. annie Tillery did sometimes dizzying research with thoroughness and good cheer—and Ella Hirst took over the research detail for the 4th edition. Stephen Elias gave the manuscript a careful reading at several stages and gave numerous helpful suggestions along with unfailing encouragement. amy delpo and Emily doskow have signifcantly improved subsequent editions of the book, combing their knowledge of the law with thoughtful and eagle-eyed editorial energies. another round of thanks go to peter lovenheim of Empire mediation in New york and to Bill mahoney of aetna insurance of California, for their consultations regarding the use of mediation in personal injury claim disputes. Special thanks go to richard duane, Esq., who took time out from his busy law practice to review the manuscript and give it the beneft of his great expertise in the area of personal injury law. Both the quality and willingness of his assistance came as no surprise, since he is known to trial lawyers and clients alike as a tireless and brilliant advocate for the rights of the injured. last and greatest thanks are reserved for Barbara kate repa. Far more than merely a skilled and dedicated editor, Barbara kate vetted this book into the world with her vast talents and compassion tuned equally to the needs of future readers and to the foibles of a wandering and sometimes wondering author. Te assistance this book will provide its readers comes in large part from her untiring eforts. Table of Contents Your Personal Injury Companion Handling Your Personal Injury Claim 1 Why You Often Can Handle Your Own Claim ...........................................................4 When You Might Need a Lawyer .......................................................................................6 Whose Fault Is It? How Legal Responsibility Is Determined 2 Basic Rules of Legal Responsibility ................................................................................. 12 Liability in Specifc Types of Accidents ........................................................................ 19 Initial Steps in Settling Your Claim 3 Te First 72 Hours: Protecting Your Rights ............................................................... 50 Getting a Claim Started ....................................................................................................... 58 Special Rules for Accidents Involving the Government ..................................... 68 Understanding Insurance Coverage 4 Motor Vehicle Insurance ..................................................................................................... 80 Nonvehicle Liability Insurance ......................................................................................... 95 Your Own Health Coverage and Accident Claims ................................................ 99 No-Fault Laws: State Summaries ....................................................................................101 How Much Is Your Claim for Injuries Worth? 5 Te Damages Formula ........................................................................................................107 How Injuries Afect Compensation .............................................................................109 Demonstrating Pain and Sufering ...............................................................................114 Lost Income ..............................................................................................................................119 Property Damage...................................................................................................................120 Arriving at a Final Compensation Value ...................................................................120 Examples of How Much Diferent Claims Are Worth .......................................124