How to Make Animated Films PDF
Preview How to Make Animated Films
How to Make Animated Films To the spirit of WALT: Long may his vision live in the hearts and minds of animators everywhere! How to Make Animated Films Tony White’s Complete Masterclass on the Traditional Principles of Animation T ony W hite An animation apprenticeship — the way the pros used to do it! AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK © 2009 Tony White. Published by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( (cid:2) 44) 1865 843830, fax: ((cid:2) 44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected] . You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage ( http://elsevier.com ), by selecting “ Support & Contact ” then “ Copyright and Permission ” and then “ Obtaining Permissions. ” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data W hite, Tony, 1947- How to make animated fi lms : Tony White ’ s complete masterclass on the traditional principles of animation / Tony White. p. cm. “ An animation apprenticeship-the way the pros used to do it! ” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-240-81033-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Animated fi lms— T echnique. 2. Animation (Cinematography) I. Title. II. Title: Tony White’s complete masterclass on the traditional principles of animation. III. Title: Masterclass on the traditional principles of animation. NC1765.W49 2009 741.5’8 — dc22 2009005710 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-240-81033-1 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com 09 10 11 12 13 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................xiii Introduction ...........................................................................................................................xix First … A Reality Check ........................................................................................................xix Y our Own Personal Animation Course .............................................................................xx 2D Or Not 2D? — That Is the Question .............................................................................xxi However … .............................................................................................................................xxii Prerequisites for Study .......................................................................................................xxiii Equipment .............................................................................................................................xxvi Let the Fun Begin! .............................................................................................................xxxiii Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................xxxv PART 1: How to Be an Animator ..........................................................1 10-Step Foundation Course ...................................................................................................3 M asterclass 1: Animation Basics ......................................................................................5 Key, Breakdown, and In-Between Positions .....................................................................5 Creating Key Positions .............................................................................................................8 Creating the Breakdown Position .....................................................................................12 T op Pegs/Bottom Pegs .........................................................................................................17 Charting Explained ................................................................................................................18 In-Betweening .........................................................................................................................19 Flipping as Opposed to Rolling .........................................................................................22 Arcs and Paths of Action ......................................................................................................22 T iming and the Spacing of Drawings ..............................................................................24 Suggested Reading ...............................................................................................................30 Assignment 1 ...........................................................................................................................30 Masterclass 2: The Bouncing Ball .................................................................................33 W eight, Mass, and Flexibility ..............................................................................................34 Gravity and the Path of Action ..........................................................................................34 Key Positions ............................................................................................................................35 Squash ........................................................................................................................................35 Stretch ........................................................................................................................................37 T iming .........................................................................................................................................38 v Contents W eight ........................................................................................................................................40 In-Betweening the Bouncing Ball .....................................................................................41 Distorting Mass and Volume ..............................................................................................46 T he Descending Bounce ......................................................................................................47 Flip Your Drawings … Always! ...........................................................................................47 Final Double-Checks .............................................................................................................48 Suggested Reading ...............................................................................................................50 Assignment 2 ...........................................................................................................................50 M asterclass 3: Generic Walks .........................................................................................59 T he Lower Body .......................................................................................................................60 W alk Cycle .................................................................................................................................65 Shooting a Walk Cycle. ..........................................................................................................69 In-Betweening on One’s .......................................................................................................69 T esting the Walk ......................................................................................................................72 T he Upper Body ......................................................................................................................72 Suggested Reading ...............................................................................................................76 Assignment 3 ...........................................................................................................................76 Masterclass 4: Personality Walks ..................................................................................77 Hip and Shoulder Rotation .................................................................................................77 Overlapping Action on the Hands ...................................................................................79 Overlapping Action on the Head .....................................................................................81 Rotation on the Head ............................................................................................................81 Keeping Good Balance Throughout ................................................................................81 I n-Between Placement and Timing. .................................................................................84 Double-Bounce Walk ............................................................................................................87 Chart Timing and Variation .................................................................................................88 Observation and Reference Footage ..............................................................................89 T he Animator’s Survival Kit .................................................................................................89 Suggested Reading ...............................................................................................................89 Assignment 4 ...........................................................................................................................90 M asterclass 5: Generic Runs ...........................................................................................91 Key Generic Run Stages .......................................................................................................92 Run Exercise .............................................................................................................................95 Additional Pointers for Runs ...............................................................................................96 vi Contents Head-On Runs .......................................................................................................................100 Suggested Reading .............................................................................................................102 Assignment 5 .........................................................................................................................102 M asterclass 6: Quadruped Walks ...............................................................................111 Front Legs ................................................................................................................................113 Rear Legs .................................................................................................................................114 Synching the Legs Together .............................................................................................115 Adding the Body ...................................................................................................................117 Neck and Head ......................................................................................................................119 Adding the Tail ......................................................................................................................123 Moving Background ............................................................................................................126 Multilayered Backgrounds ................................................................................................129 Nonwalk Pans ........................................................................................................................131 Realistic Quadrupeds ..........................................................................................................132 Suggested Reading .............................................................................................................135 Assignment 6 .........................................................................................................................135 Masterclass 7: Weight ......................................................................................................137 Standard Rubber Ball ..........................................................................................................138 Ping-Pong Ball .......................................................................................................................140 Bowling Ball ............................................................................................................................141 Comparing the Three Versions ........................................................................................142 T he Pose Is Everything ........................................................................................................143 T ips .............................................................................................................................................145 Suggested Reading .............................................................................................................149 Assignment 7 .........................................................................................................................149 Masterclass 8: Anticipation ...........................................................................................151 T he Benefi ts of Anticipation .............................................................................................152 A nticipations Are for Everything. ....................................................................................156 Suggested Reading .............................................................................................................159 Assignment 8 .........................................................................................................................159 Masterclass 9: Dialog .......................................................................................................161 Body Language .....................................................................................................................162 Facial Animation ...................................................................................................................172 Lip Synching ...........................................................................................................................179 vii Contents T wo-Character Dialog .........................................................................................................184 Further References ...............................................................................................................192 Suggested Reading .............................................................................................................193 Assignment 9 .........................................................................................................................193 Masterclass 10: Final Project ........................................................................................195 Staggers ...................................................................................................................................196 Successive Breakouts of Joints ........................................................................................199 Eye Blinks .................................................................................................................................202 Eyebrows .................................................................................................................................207 Always Gravity! ......................................................................................................................208 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................211 Suggested Reading .............................................................................................................212 Assignment 10 .......................................................................................................................212 PART 2: How to Make an Animated Film ....................................213 Production Challenge .........................................................................................................215 Film Production 1: Exploring Ideas, Storytelling, and Scriptwriting ........217 Meaning and WTF? ..............................................................................................................226 Assignment .............................................................................................................................227 F ilm Production 2: Concept Art, Viz Dev , and Camera Maps .........................229 Concept Art ............................................................................................................................229 Camera Map ...........................................................................................................................232 Assignment .............................................................................................................................233 F ilm Production 3: Character Design .......................................................................235 Style ...........................................................................................................................................235 Personality ..............................................................................................................................238 Attitude ....................................................................................................................................239 Proportion ...............................................................................................................................239 Head Heights .........................................................................................................................240 Silhouette ................................................................................................................................241 Detail .........................................................................................................................................242 Process .....................................................................................................................................243 W arm-Up Exercise ................................................................................................................246 Assignment .............................................................................................................................249 viii Contents Film Production 4: Thumbnails ...................................................................................251 Assignment .............................................................................................................................254 Film Production 5: Storyboards ..................................................................................255 Process .....................................................................................................................................260 Final Check ..............................................................................................................................264 Assignment .............................................................................................................................266 Film Production 6: Filmmaking Techniques ..........................................................267 Framing ....................................................................................................................................267 T ransitions ...............................................................................................................................275 Staging .....................................................................................................................................278 Continuity ...............................................................................................................................281 Crossing the Line ..................................................................................................................282 Assignment .............................................................................................................................284 Film Production 7: Audio Record. ...............................................................................285 Guide Track .............................................................................................................................286 Final Track ................................................................................................................................288 Assignment .............................................................................................................................291 Film Production 8: Animatic and Bacher Boards ................................................293 Bacher Boards ........................................................................................................................294 Animatic Process ..................................................................................................................296 T he Animatic Is Your Film Bible ........................................................................................300 Check Your Scene Timings ................................................................................................301 Assignment .............................................................................................................................302 Film Production 9: Background and Environment Layouts ..........................303 Distance and Perspective ..................................................................................................305 Focus of Attention ................................................................................................................306 Silhouetted Action ...............................................................................................................307 Process .....................................................................................................................................308 Dividing the Layout .............................................................................................................310 Pose Test Animatic ...............................................................................................................313 Assignment .............................................................................................................................313 Film Production 10: Color Script .................................................................................315 T he Right Time to Do the Color Script ..........................................................................316 Process .....................................................................................................................................317 ix
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