How the States Got Their Shapes Too: The People Behind the Borderlines PDF
Preview How the States Got Their Shapes Too: The People Behind the Borderlines
Text © 2011 by Mark Stein Cover illustration © 2011 by Leigh Wells All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Published by Smithsonian Books Executive Editor: Carolyn Gleason Production Editor: Christina Wiginton Editor: Duke Johns Designer: Mary Parsons Maps: XNR Productions, Inc. Photo Researcher: Amy Pastan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stein, Mark, 1951- How the states got their shapes too : the people behind the borderlines / Mark Stein. p. cm. eISBN: 978-1-58834-315-4 1. United States—Boundaries—History. 2. U.S. states—Boundaries. 3. United States—Biography. I. Title. E180.S744 2011 973—dc22 2011003467 For permission to reproduce illustrations appearing in this book, please correspond directly with the owners of the works, as seen on this page. Smithsonian Books does not retain reproduction rights for these images individually, or maintain a file of addresses for sources. v3.1 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Preface Map Acknowledgments Roger Williams The Boundary of Religion Augustine Herman Why We Have Delaware Robert Jenkins’s Ear Fifteen Minutes of Fame Robert Tufton Mason Winning New Hampshire Lord Fairfax What You Know or Who You Know? Mason and Dixon America’s Most Famous (and Misunderstood) Line Zebulon Butler Connecticut’s Lost Cause Ethan Allen Vermont: The Fourteenth Colony Thomas Jefferson Lines on the Map in Invisible Ink John Meares The U.S. Line from Spanish Canada Benjamin Banneker To Be Brilliant and Black in the New Nation Jesse Hawley The Erie Canal and the Gush of Redrawn Lines James Brittain The Man History Tried to Erase Reuben Kemper From Zero To Hero? Richard Rush The 49th Parallel: A New Line of Americans Nathaniel Pope Illinois’s Most Boring Border John Hardeman Walker Putting the Boot Heel on Missouri John Quincy Adams The Massachusetts Texan Sequoyah The Cherokee Line Stevens T. Mason The Toledo War Robert Lucas Ohio Boundary Champ Takes on Missouri and Minnesota Daniel Webster Maine’s Border: The Devil in Daniel Webster James K. Polk Fifty-Four Forty or Fight! Robert M. T. Hunter Cutting Washington Down to Size Sam Houston The Man Who Lassoed Texas Brigham Young The Boundary of Religion Revisited John A. Sutter California: Boundless Opportunity James Gadsden Government Aid to Big Business Stephen A. Douglas The Line on Slavery: Erasing and Redrawing John A. Quitman Annexing Cuba: Liberty, Security, Slavery Clarina Nichols Using Boundaries to Break Boundaries Lyman Cutler’s Neighbor’s Pig The British-American Pig War Robert W. Steele Rocky Mountain Rogue? Francis H. Pierpont The Battle Line That Became a State Line Francisco Perea and John S. Watts Two Sides of the Coin of the Realm Sidney Edgerton and James Ashley Good as Gold William H. Seward Why Buy Alaska? Standing Bear v. Crook The Legal Boundary of Humanity Lili’uokalani and Sanford Dole Bordering on Empire Alfalfa Bill Murray, Edward P. McCabe, and Chief Green McCurtain Oklahoma’s Racial Boundaries Bernard J. Berry New Jersey Invades Ellis Island Luis Ferré Puerto Rico: The Fifty-First State? David Shafer When the Grass Is Greener on the Other Side Eleanor Holmes Norton Taxation without Representation Notes Photography Credits Preface N o child has ever been known to say, “When I grow up, I want to establish a state line.” But somebody had to do it. Who were those people? How did they end up in that endeavor? As it turns out, the people involved in America’s states being shaped the way they are have come from all walks of life. Some are famous, such as Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams, though how they participated in shaping our states is not widely known. Others are famous, but why they’re famous is not widely known. Daniel Webster, for example: is he famous because of his extraordinary debate in The Devil and Daniel Webster? Stephen Vincent Benét’s tale may well be why Webster remains famous. But Daniel Webster never debated with Satan—at least not in public. He did, however, create one state’s lines. Most of those who participated in the location of our state lines are not famous. Moreover, they are not exclusively white men. Women, African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics have also been involved in shaping the states. For none of these people was the establishment of their state line their primary objective in life. Their participation in the creation of a boundary resulted from some personal quest. Those quests differed, yet each quest emanated from the issues of the time. Today those historical issues, and the personal quests they spawned, are imprinted on the map in the form of state lines. The borders of the United States, however, do not fully enclose those quests. Many others sought, unsuccessfully, to create additional states in Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and—still an issue—Puerto Rico. Their stories further enhance our perspective of the United States. The American map is so familiar that even its straight lines begin to seem a part of nature. But looking at it through the individuals involved in its creation, that map becomes a mural. Its lines reflect an ongoing progression of Americans. Who, when, and where they were explains much of why we are who we are today. Acknowledgments I was fortunate, after the publication of How the States Got Their Shapes, to be urged by my late and much missed editor, Caroline Newman, to offer a follow- up book. But having been a writer in theater and film, as opposed to nonfiction, I had difficulty framing an idea that fit the bill. So I called my longtime friend Mark Olshaker, author of several best-selling books, and asked if we could get together for lunch to see whether we could generate an idea. He said (and this is truly what he said), “Sure. Next week is good. Or how about this? A book on the people, like that guy you mentioned in the first book with Missouri.” That is this book. First and foremost, then, and with awe, I thank Mark Olshaker for an idea that, as it further developed, captured my imagination as much as my passion for maps drove me to write the first book. “As it further developed” refers in no small measure to the insights of Elisabeth Dyssegaard, who took over as my editor. Elisabeth did not have to fill Caroline’s shoes, because her own editor shoes fit beautifully. Too beautifully, since Elisabeth soon advanced to become editor-in-chief at another publisher. But her parting gift to me was an introduction to Kenneth Wright, who became my agent and navigated my now orphaned project in more ways than I can enumerate here, though I cannot leave unsaid the importance of the encouragement and clear thinking he provided. Ken succeeded in placing the book where I most hoped it would end up, at Smithsonian Books, copublisher of How the States Got Their Shapes, where I knew I would be in good hands with its director, and now my editor, Carolyn Gleason. I knew Carolyn was ideally suited because of an offhand remark she had made when we first met, shortly after How the States Got Their Shapes replaced my original title, Why Is Iowa? “I liked your first title,” she said, “but it didn’t work.” I knew then we had the same sensibility, except she knew what worked. Both my copy editor, Duke Johns, and the schoolteacher who taught him grammar and syntax deserve gold medals. Duke’s mind is a lens of clarity. He is also an intimidatingly thorough fact-checker, for which I am extremely grateful. The treaties and legislation that created our state shapes are complicated and often overlap. To my astonishment, Duke dug them up, checking and adjusting my efforts to explain them. If any errors have slipped past him, it only shows that no goalie can block every shot. (He even nipped and tucked this paragraph.) For the images in this book I was privileged to have Amy Pastan searching out photos and portraits with such enthusiasm that she discovered, and connected me with, a descendant of Jesse Hawley, the subject of one of the book’s chapters. Trudy Hawley’s family records provided information not otherwise available. I was also delighted to be reunited with cartographer Rob McCaleb of XNR Productions, who had created the maps for my previous book. Once again he has turned words into maps that reduced me to one word: “exactly.” His geodetic eye also spotted an element in the battles fought by James Brittain that had gone unnoted by historians of North Carolina and Georgia’s violent boundary dispute, leading to its being noted for the first time in this book. I also want to express my gratitude to the Bender Library at American University for the privileges it extended to me. And a special thanks to Professor William W. E. Slights—a profound influence on my life when I was his student at the University of Wisconsin, and a dear friend ever since—who generously shared his knowledge of colonial era English abbreviations. I also received valuable assistance from Robert S. Davis Jr., Frank Drohan, and Paul Schmidt, in addition to Lauren Leeman of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Kari Schleher of the University of New Mexico Library, and Arlene Balkansky of the Serial and Government Publications Division of the Library of Congress. Ms. Balkansky, in addition to all her help with the resources of the Library of Congress, devoted time to reading each chapter as it was first drafted, spotting textual errors and even problems in the flow and arc of the draft. All of this not only exceeded the duties in her job description but also those in our wedding vows from over thirty years ago.
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