How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa

302 Pages·1999·1.059 MB·English

by  Neta C. Crawford, Audie Klotz (eds.)

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How Sanctions Work
Lessons from South Africa
Edited by
Neta C. Crawford
Assistant Professor of Political Science
Department of Political Science
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
and
Audie Klotz
Associate Professor of Political Science
Department of Political Science
University of Illinois, Chicago
Selection, editorial matter and Chapter 2 © Neta C. Crawford and
Audie Klotz 1999
Chapters 1, 3 and 5 © Neta C. Crawford 1999
Chapters 10 and 14 © Audie Klotz 1999
Chapter 8 © Xavier Carim, Audie Klotz, and Olivier Leblem 1999
Chapters 4, 6, 7, 9, and 11 –13 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1999
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
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Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 1999 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
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and London
Companies and representatives
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ISBN 978-0-333-72552-8 ISBN 978-1-4039-1591-7 (eBook)
DOI 1 0.1057/9781403915917
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Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Maps viii
Acknowledgments ix
Notes on the Contributors x
Abbreviations xiii
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 Trump Card or Theater? An Introduction to
Two Sanctions Debates 3
Neta C. Crawford
2 How Sanctions Work: A Framework for Analysis 25
Neta C. Crawford and Audie Klotz
PART II STRATEGIC SANCTIONS
3 How Arms Embargoes Work 45
Neta C. Crawford
4 Sanctions and the Nuclear Industry 75
David Fig
5 Oil Sanctions Against Apartheid 103
Neta C. Crawford
PART III ECONOMIC SANCTIONS
6 The US Divestment Movement 129
Meg Voorhes
7 Disinvestment by Multinational Corporations 145
Mzamo P. Mangaliso
8 The Political Economy of Financial Sanctions 159
Xavier Carim, Audie Klotz, and Olivier Lebleu
v
vi Contents
9 “Sanctions Hurt but Apartheid Kills!”:
The Sanctions Campaign and Black Workers 178
Tshidiso Maloka
PART IV SOCIAL SANCTIONS
10 Diplomatic Isolation 195
Audie Klotz
11 “Not Cricket”: The Effects and Effectiveness 213
of the Sport Boycott
David R. Black
12 Cultural Boycotts and Political Change 232
Nomazengele A. Mangaliso
PART V IMPLICATIONS
13 Regional Dimensions of Sanctions 247
Gilbert M. Khadiagala
14 Making Sanctions Work: Comparative Lessons 264
Audie Klotz
Appendix: Chronology of Sanctions Against Apartheid 283
Index 288
List of Tables
2.1 Models of influence and their assumptions 27
2.2 Sites for potential consequences of sanctions 31
3.1 Armscor subsidiaries 55
3.2 Official expenditures for arms acquisition 56
3.3 Armscor and total arms industry employment 58
4.1 The Franco-Belgian consortium charged with
building Koeberg 92
5.1 South Africa’s oil consumption by sector in 1974 107
5.2 Number of licensed vehicles in South Africa, 1970–92 108
5.3 Coal consumption and total electrical output of
Eskom by energy source, 1960–90 109
14.1 Tools, targets, and consequences 266
vii
List of Maps
1. South Africa xv
2. Energy-related assets 105
3. “Independent” Homelands 201
4. Southern Africa 249
5. Regional rail transport routes 251
viii
Acknowledgments
This project would not have been possible without financial and
institutional support from the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for
International Studies at Brown University, which allowed us to gather
together as a group in Providence, RI. We also thank the Interna-
tional Studies Association for a workshop grant which enabled us
to present early drafts of the papers at its April 1996 annual con-
ference. The discussants and participants at both meetings, includ-
ing Tom Biersteker, Margaret Doxey, Jendayi Frazer, Arlene Getz,
Willard Johnson, Norma Kriger, Kim Nossal, David Rowe, and
Newell Stultz, offered invaluable insights. The individual chapter
authors also generously shared their knowledge and judgment with
us and each other. We greatly appreciate the enthusiasm and patience
of Tim Shaw, Aruna Vasudevan and Keith Povey throughout the
editing and publication processes. Neta Crawford gratefully acknowl-
edges the overall support of Jill Breitbarth, the research assistance
of Amy Nash, and the financial support of the University of Massa-
chusetts, Amherst, and the Humanitarianism and War Project of
Brown University, which allowed her to make research trips to South
Africa and meet some of the chapter authors on their home ground.
Audie Klotz gratefully acknowledges financial support from the
Campus Research Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago
and thanks Dave Black, Cecelia Lynch, Kim Nossal and Tim Shaw
for sage advice at critical moments.
Amherst and Arlington, Massachusetts NETA C. CRAWFORD
Chicago, Illinois AUDIE KLOTZ
ix