How do you determine the freezing/melting point of cetyl alcohol?

278 Pages·2008·52.45 MB·English

Foundations of Physical Science Investigations
Third Edition
Copyright 2009 CPO Science
ISBN: 978-1-60431-015-3
Part Number: 492-3830
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - QWE - 12 11 10 09 08
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CREDITS
PRINCIPAL WRITERS R/V "Atlantis" collecting data on the East Pacific Rise. Member of the
New Hampshire Geologic Society. Laura joined the CPO Science
Thomas C. Hsu, PH.D – Author curriculum writing team as a consultant in 2007.
Nationally recognized innovator in science and math education and the Michael Vela
founder of CPO Science. Holds a Ph.D. in Applied Plasma Physics Ph.D., Inorganic Chemistry, Brandeis University
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and has taught Teaches 10th– and 11th–grade chemistry at Concord-Carlisle High
students from elementary, secondary and college levels. Tom has School in Concord, Massachusetts. Taught 11th–grade chemistry at
worked with numerous K–12 teachers and administrators and is well Lexington High School, Massachusetts.
known as a consultant, workshop leader and developer of curriculum
Melissa Vela
and equipment for inquiry based learning in science and math.
B.A., Earth and Environmental Science, Lehigh University; M.S.,
Erik Benton – Principal Investigation Editor and Writer Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Cornell University; M.Ed.,
B.F.A., University of Massachusetts with minor in Physics Curriculum/Instruction, Boston College
Taught for eight years in public and private schools, focusing on Melissa has taught six years of 9th grade Earth and space science at
inquiry and experiential learning. Erik brings extensive teaching and Lexington High School in Massachusetts. She also taught 6th grade
technical expertise, ranging from elementary and adult education to physical science and 8th grade algebra at Weston Middle School in
wildlife research. As a naturalist for the Web of Life Field School in Massachusetts.
Santa Cruz, California, he participated in a worldwide amphibian
population study. Currently he is involved in bird population studies in SENIOR EDITOR
Massachusetts. Erik is our investigation writer and conducts national
content presentations. Lynda Pennell – Executive Vice President
Scott Eddleman – Co-Author, Curriculum Manager B.A., English; M.Ed., Administration, Reading Disabilities,
Northeastern University; CAGS Media, University of Massachusetts,
B.S., Biology, Southern Illinois University; M.Ed., Harvard University
Boston.
Taught for 13 years in urban and rural settings. Developed two
Nationally known in high school restructuring and for integrating
successful science-based school-to-career programs. Nationally
academic and career education. Served as the director of an urban
recognized teacher trainer in inquiry-based and project-based
school for 5 years and has 17 years teaching/administrative experience
instruction. Participated in a fellowship at Brown University where he
in the Boston Public Schools. Lynda has led the development for CPO
conducted research on the coral reefs of Belize. Worked on National
Science for the past eight years. She has also been recognized for her
Science Foundation-funded projects at TERC. Scott has been a
media production work.
principal writer and curriculum developer for CPO Science for the last
seven years.
EDITORIAL CONSULTANT
Mary Beth Abel – Writer, Curriculum Specialist
B.S., Marine Biology, College of Charleston; M.S., Biological Sciences, Christine Golden
University of Rhode Island. B.A., Psychology, Gordon College: M.B.A., Rivier College
Taught science and math at an innovative high school and at the college Project manager at Imperial Communications since 1999, with 22 years
level. Has expertise in scientific research, inquiry-based teaching publishing experience. Owner and managing editor of Big Dog
methods, and science curriculum development. Mary Beth has been a Publishing Services. Christine’s work centers on editing of K-12
principal writer with CPO Science since 2000. textbook material.
Patsy Eldridge – Writer
ART AND ILLUSTRATION
B.S., Biology, Grove City College; M.Ed., Tufts University.
Experienced science teacher and national hands-on science trainer and
Polly Crisman – Graphics Manager/Illustration
presenter. As an adjunct professor for Endicott College in Beverly, MA,
B.F.A., University of New Hampshire
and the College of Charleston, developed content-intensive Physical
Worked as a designer and illustrator in marketing and advertising
Science courses for educators. Partners with Dr. Tom Hsu to create and
departments for a variety of industries. Polly has worked in the CPO
deliver innovative science lessons on interactive DVDs for students and
Science design department since 2001, and is responsible for
teachers. Patsy has developed curriculum and training materials with
organizing workflow of graphics and file management. She created the
CPO Science since 2000.
CPO Science logo and supervises the graphic design image for CPO
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS publications and media products.
Jesse Van Valkenburgh – Illustration/Photography
Alyson Mazza B.F.A. Illustration, Rochester Institute of Technology
B.A., Environmental Biology and Education, Houghton College Worked in prepress and design. Was responsible for creative design and
prepress film production for computer catalogs, brochures and various
Experienced science teacher with inquiry-based science teaching
marketing materials. Jesse completes photography and illustrations as a
expertise. Alyson has worked with the PROBE K-12 project through
graphic designer for CPO book and media products.
the Leitzel Center at the University of New Hampshire to research and
practice inquiry-based teaching strategies. She currently teaches Bruce Holloway – Senior Designer/Illustrator
science at Salem High School in Salem, NH. Pratt Institute, N.Y., Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Laura Preston Expertise in illustration, advertising graphics, exhibits and product
B. S. Geology and teaching certification, University of Texas, Arlington design. Commissioned throughout his career by The National Wildlife
Federation’s Conservation Stamp Campaign. Other commissions include
Has thirteen years of science and math teaching experience for grades
the New Hampshire State Duck Stamp campaigns for1999 and 2003.
5–12. Currently teaching at Salem High School in Salem, New
Bruce has worked as senior designer with CPO Science since 2000 and
Hampshire. Worked as a geologist in the early 1990's, and as a
collaborated with various teams to create all CPO book covers.
geophysicist in 2007. Laura participated in a research cruise aboard the
EQUIPMENT DESIGN PROJECT AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Thomas Narro – Senior Vice President Susan Gioia – Educational CPO Science Administrator
B.S., Mechanical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Expertise in office management. Oversees all functions necessary for the
Accomplished design and manufacturing engineer; experienced consultant smooth product development of CPO products, including print and
in corporate reengineering and industrial-environmental acoustics. media.
Danielle Dzurik Lynn L’Heureux
B.S., Industrial Design, Auburn University Owner of M&M Composition, LLC. Has worked in textbook
Focuses her efforts in product development on creating new products composition for 10 years and specializes in math, computer, and science
and improving upon older designs. texts.
MATERIAL SUPPORT
Kathryn Gavin – Purchasing and Quality Control Manager
Responsible for all functions related to purchasing raw materials and
quality control of finished goods. Works closely with product
development and design.
REVIEWERS
Mark Baker Kathleen Kuhn Neil Parrot
Diamond, OH Lake High School Tuslaw High School
Uniontown, OH Massillon, OH
Dr. Nicholas Benfaremo
South Portland, ME Jay Kurima Jeff Pickle
Fort Worth ISD Hoover High School
Nancy Baker Cazan
Texas North Canton, OH
SAMM Center
Massillon, OH Ed Laubacher Emily O. Price
Lake High School Waxahachie High School
Ann Cleary
Uniontown, OH Texas
Medina High School
Medina, OH Matt Leatherberry Julie Randolph
Minerva High School Odom Academy
Jean A. Cyders
Minerva, OH Beaumont, TX
McKinley High School
Canton, OH John C. Lineweaver Steve Remenaric
Science Consultant Tuslaw High School
Deirde L. Davenport
Abilene, Texas Massillon, OH
William Miller
Central Medical Magnet High School Anita K. Marshall Jay Don Steele
Beaumont, TX Cypress, TX Floresville High School
Floresville, TX
Dr. Gregorio Garcia Maria Estela Martinez
Brownsville ISD Department of Curriculum Irving Union Bower High School Ginger Torregrossa
and Instruction Irving, TX Montgomery High School
Brownsville, Texas Chandra R. Maxey Montgomery, TX
Cort Gillen Irving Union Bower High School Timothy Totten
Cypress, TX Irving, TX Fairless High School
Navarre, OH
Alan P. Gnospelius Alyson Mazza
Design & Technology Academy Salem High School Melissa Vela
Northeast Independent School District Salem, NH Freelance Science Specialist
San Antonio, Texas Thomas McArthur Brookline, NH
Lisa Q, Gothard Hoover High School Michael Vela
East Canton High School North Canton, OH Concord-Carlisle High School
East Canton, OH Michael Mihalik Concord, MA
Liz Gregory Lake High School Elizabeth Volt
Atkins High School Uniontown, OH Science Curriculum Coordinator
Austin, TX William Miller Cleveland Metropolitan School District
Ohio
James Max Hollon Arlington Heights High School
Indiana Ft Worth, TX David Warner
Tuslaw High School
William C. Huckeba Kathryn Schommer Neuenschwander
Massillon, OH
Academy High School Northrop High School
Irving, TX Indiana Dan Williamson
Irving High School
Chrystal Brooke Johnson Stacey L. Nunley
Irving, TX
MacArthur High School Mumford High School
Irving, TX Detroit, Michigan Kathleen Woodring
Edna, TX
Daniel Klein Joel C. Palmer Ed. D.
Fairless High School Science Coordinator Jaclyn L. Ziders
Navarre, OH Mesquite Independent School District Lake High School
Texas Uniontown, OH

LAB SAFETY
Observing safety precautions is an extremely important practice while completing science investigations.
Using science equipment and carrying out laboratory procedures always requires attention to safety. The purpose
of learning and discussing safety in the lab is to help you learn how to protect yourself and others at all times.
The investigations in this book are designed to reduce safety concerns in the laboratory. The physics
investigations use stable equipment that is easy to operate. The chemistry investigations use both household and
laboratory chemicals. Although these chemicals might be familiar to you, they still must be used safely.
You will be introduced to safety by completing a skill sheet to help you observe the safety aids and important
information in your science laboratory. In addition to this skill sheet, you may be asked to check your safety
understanding and complete a safety contract. Your teacher will decide what is appropriate for your class.
Throughout this book, safety icons and words and phrases like “caution” and “safety tip” are used to highlight
important safety information. Read the description for each icon carefully and look out for them when reading
your book and doing investigations.
General safety: Follow all instructions carefully to avoid injury to yourself or others.
Wear safety goggles: Requires you to wear eye protection to prevent eye injuries.
Wear a lab apron or coat: Requires you to wear a lab apron or coat to prevent damage to clothing
and to protect from possible spills.
Wear gloves: Requires you to protect your hands from injury due to heat or chemicals.
Poisonous chemicals: Requires you to use extreme caution when working with chemicals in the
laboratory and to follow all safety and disposal instructions from your teacher.
Skin irritant: Requires you to use extreme caution when handling chemicals in the laboratory due to
possible skin irritation and to follow all safety and disposal instructions from your teacher.
Respiratory irritant: Requires you to perform the experiment under a laboratory hood and to avoid
inhaling fumes while handling the chemicals.
Laser: Requires you to use extreme caution while using a laser during investigations and to follow all
safety instructions.
Lab safety is the responsibility of everyone! Help create a safe environment in your science lab by
following the safety guidelines from your teacher as well as the guidelines discussed in this document.
Table of Contents Investigations TOC
Table of Contents
1A Measurement..............................................................................................1
1B Conversion Chains......................................................................................4
2A Mass, Volume, and Indirect Measurement .................................................8
2B Density......................................................................................................11
3A Measuring Time........................................................................................15
3B Experiments and Variables.......................................................................18
4A Speed........................................................................................................20
4B Acceleration..............................................................................................25
5A What is a Newton?....................................................................................28
5B Friction......................................................................................................30
6A Newton’s First and Second Laws..............................................................34
6B Newton’s Third Law ..................................................................................37
7A Energy in a System...................................................................................39
7B Conservation of Energy ............................................................................41
8A Manipulating Forces..................................................................................44
8B Work..........................................................................................................46
9A Levers.......................................................................................................49
9B Levers and the Human Body ....................................................................52
10A Pure Substance or Mixture? .....................................................................54
10B Determining Freezing/Melting Point..........................................................56
11A Temperature and Heat..............................................................................58
11B The Specific Heat of a Metal.....................................................................61
12A Mystery Material........................................................................................64
12B Buoyancy..................................................................................................66
13A Boyle’s Law...............................................................................................70
13B Pressure and Temperature Relationship..................................................72
Investigations TOC Table of Contents
14A Atomic Structure....................................................................................... 75
14B Atomic Challenge! .................................................................................... 78
15A The Periodic Table ................................................................................... 80
15B Periodic Table Challenge ......................................................................... 82
16A Chemical Bonds ....................................................................................... 85
16B Chemical Formulas .................................................................................. 88
17A Chemical Equations ................................................................................. 92
17B Conservation of Mass............................................................................... 95
18A Energy and Chemical Changes................................................................ 98
18B Thermodynamics of Hot Packs/Cold Packs ........................................... 100
19A Solubility Curve of KNO3........................................................................ 103
19B Acids, Bases, and pH............................................................................. 105
20A Electricity................................................................................................ 108
20B Resistance and Ohm’s Law.................................................................... 112
21A Electric Circuits....................................................................................... 115
21B Electrical Energy and Power .................................................................. 119
22A Magnetism.............................................................................................. 122
22B Electromagnets ...................................................................................... 124
23A Harmonic Motion .................................................................................... 127
23B Natural Frequency and Resonance........................................................ 131
24A Properties of Sound................................................................................ 135
24B Resonance in Other Systems................................................................. 139
25A Color....................................................................................................... 143
25B Reflection and Refraction....................................................................... 147
Table of Contents Investigations TOC
Optional Investigations
1C Significant Digits .....................................................................................155
2C Thickness of Aluminum Foil....................................................................157
3C Looking for Significant Differences .........................................................159
4C Studying Two-part Motion.......................................................................162
5C Gravity and Falling Objects.....................................................................164
6C Collisions.................................................................................................166
7C Energy and Efficiency.............................................................................169
8C People Power..........................................................................................172
9C Mechanical Advantage............................................................................174
10C Freezing Point of a Stable Mixture..........................................................177
11C Mass Determination Without a Balance..................................................179
12C Density of Fluids .....................................................................................182
13C Charles’ Law...........................................................................................185
14C Energy and the Quantum Theory............................................................188
15C Activity Series of Metals..........................................................................190
16C Carbon and its Chemistry .......................................................................192
17C Classifying Chemical Reactions..............................................................194
18C Nuclear Reactions...................................................................................198
19C Solubility of CO2.....................................................................................203
20C Electric Charge .......................................................................................205
21C Analyzing Circuits ...................................................................................207
22C Electromagnetic Forces..........................................................................210
23C Waves in Motion .....................................................................................213
24C Percieving Sound....................................................................................216
25C Magnification and Mixing Pigments ........................................................220
Investigations TOC Table of Contents
Lab Skills and Equipment Setups
Safety Skills............................................................................................ 224
Writing a Lab Report .............................................................................. 230
Measuring Length................................................................................... 233
Measuring Temperature......................................................................... 237
Calculating Volume ................................................................................ 239
Measuring Volume ................................................................................. 243
Recording Observations in the Lab........................................................ 247
Physics Stand......................................................................................... 251
Energy Car ............................................................................................. 253
Ropes and Pulleys ................................................................................. 257
Lever ...................................................................................................... 259
Atom Building Game .............................................................................. 261
Pendulum ............................................................................................... 262
Sound and Waves.................................................................................. 264
Electric Circuits....................................................................................... 267