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How Children Develop PDF

847 Pages·2010·33.54 MB·English
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This page intentionally left blank t h i r d e d i t i o n how children DEVELOP This page intentionally left blank t h i r d e d i t i o n how children DEVELOP Robert Siegler Carnegie Mellon University Judy DeLoache University of Virginia Nancy Eisenberg Arizona State University And Campbell Leaper, University of California–Santa Cruz, reviser of Chapter 15: Gender Development WORTH PUBLISHERS This is dedicated to the ones we love Senior Publisher: Catherine Woods Senior Acquisitions Editor: Charles Linsmeier Development Editor: Peter Deane Executive Marketing Manager: Katherine Nurre Senior Media Editor: Andrea Musick Production Editor: Vivien Weiss, Leo Kelly (MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company) Associate Managing Editor: Tracey Kuehn Production Manager: Sarah Segal Art Director: Barbara Reingold Interior Designer, Cover Designer: Kevin Kall Photo Editor: Bianca Moscatelli Photo Researcher: Julie Tesser Senior Illustration Coordinator: Bill Page Illustrations: Todd Buck Illustration; Precision Graphics; TSI Graphics, Inc.; MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Composition: MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Printing and Binding: Worldcolor Versailles Library of Congress Control Number: 2009941919 ISBN-10: 1-4292-1790-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-1790-3 © 2011, 2006, 2003 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America First printing 2010 Worth Publishers 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 www.worthpublishers.com About the Authors Robert Siegleris the Teresa Heinz Professor of Cognitive Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University. He is author of the cognitive development textbook Children’s Thinkingand has written or edited several additional books on child development. His books have been translated into Japanese, Korean, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. In the past few years, he has presented keynote addresses at the conventions of the Cognitive Development Society, the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, the Japanese Psychological Association, the Eastern Psychological Association, and the Conference on Human Development. He also has served as Associate Editor of the journal Developmental Psychology, co-edited the cognitive development volume of the 2006 Handbook of Child Psychology,and served on the National Mathematics Advisory Panel from 2006–2008. In 2005, Dr. Siegler received the American Psychological Association’s Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. Judy DeLoache is the William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia. She has published extensively on aspects of cognitive development in infants and young children. Dr. DeLoache has served as president of the Developmental Division of the American Psychological Association and as a member of the executive board of the International Society for the Study of Infancy. She is currently the president-elect of the Cognitive Development Society. She has presented major invited addresses at professional meetings, including the Association for Psychological Science and the Society for Research on Child Development. Dr. DeLoache is the holder of a Scientific MERIT Award from the National Institutes of Health, and her research is also funded by the National Science Foundation. She has been a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and at the Rockefeller Foundation Study Center in Bellagio, Italy. She was recently inducted into the National Academy of Arts and Sciences. Nancy Eisenberg is Regent’s Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University. She is editor or author of numerous books on prosocial, social, and emotional development. For example, she edited The Handbook on Child Psychology,Volume III: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. She is also the author of The Caring Child and of The Roots of Prosocial Behavior in Children(with Paul Mussen). She has been on the board of directors of the Association of Psychological Science, governing council of the Society for Research in Child Development, and the governing council of the American Psychological Association. Dr. Eisenberg was the associate editor of the Merrill-Palmer Quarterlyand of thePersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin,was editor of the Psychological Bulletin,is the founding editor of Child Development Perspectives, is the president-elect of Division 7 (Developmental Psychology) at the American Psychological Association, and served as president of the Western Psychological Association. She has been the recipient of several National Institutes of Health Career Development and Career Scientist awards. She is the 2007 recipient of the Ernest R. Hilgard Award for a Career Contribution to General Psychology, Division 1, American Psychological Association; the 2008 recipient of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award; and the 2009 recipient of the G. Stanley Hall Award for Distinguished Contribution to Developmental Psychology, Division 7, American Psychological Association. v This page intentionally left blank Brief Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix 1 An Introduction to Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Child . . . . . . . . 41 3 Biology and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4 Theories of Cognitive Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5 Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6 Development of Language and Symbol Use . . . . . . . . 215 7 Conceptual Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement . . . . . . . . . . 297 9 Theories of Social Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 10 Emotional Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 11 Attachment to Others and Development of Self . . . . . . . 423 12 The Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 13 Peer Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 14 Moral Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 15 Gender Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 16 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-1 Name Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-1 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SI-1 vii Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix Chapter 1 An Introduction to Child Development 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Why Study Child Development? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Raising Children 3 Choosing Social Policies 4 Understanding Human Nature 6 Review 8 Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Early Philosophers’ Views of Children’s Development 8 Social Reform Movements 9 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 10 The Emergence of Child Development as a Discipline 10 Review 11 Enduring Themes in Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 1 NatureandNurture:How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape Development? 11 2 The Active Child:How Do Children Shape Their Own Development? 12 3 Continuity/Discontinuity:In What Ways Is Development Continuous, and in What Ways Is It Discontinuous? 14 4 Mechanisms of Developmental Change:How Does Change Occur? 17 5 The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development? 19 6 Individual Differences:How Do Children Become So Different from One Another? 21 7 Research and Children’s Welfare:How Can Research Promote Children’s Well-Being? 23 Review 24 Methods for Studying Child Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 The Scientific Method 25 Contexts for Gathering Data About Children 27 Correlation and Causation 29 Designs for Examining Development 34 Ethical Issues in Child-Development Research 36 Review 38 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Chapter 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period 41 . . . . . . . . . . Prenatal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Box 2.1 A Closer Look: Beng Beginnings 43 viii

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