Table Of Content

HowBiologyShapes Philosophy HowBiologyShapesPhilosophyisaseminalcontributiontotheemerging fieldofbiophilosophy.Itbringstogetherworkbyphilosopherswhodraw on biology to address traditional and not-so-traditional philosophical questions and concerns. Thirteen essays by leading figures in the field explore the biological dimensions of ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, gender, semantics, rationality, representation, and consciousness, as well as the misappropriation of biology by philosophers, allowing readers to interrogatecriticallytherelevanceofbiologyforphilosophy.Bothrigorous and accessible, the essays illuminate philosophy and help us to acquire a deeper understanding of the human condition. This volume will be of interesttophilosophers,biologists,socialscientists,andotherreaderswith aninterestinbringingscienceandthehumanitiestogether. davidlivingstonesmithisProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversity of New England. His most recent book is Less Than Human: Why WeDemean,EnslaveandExterminateOthers(2011). How Biology Shapes Philosophy New Foundations for Naturalism david livingstone smith UniversityofNewEngland,Biddeford,Maine UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107055834 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2017 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2017 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Smith,DavidLivingstone,1953–editor. Howbiologyshapesphilosophy:newfoundationsfor naturalism/[editedby]DavidLivingstoneSmith. NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2016.|Includesindex. LCCN2016026630|ISBN9781107055834 LCSH:Naturalism.|Philosophyandscience.|Biology. LCCB828.2.H692016|DDC113/.8–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016026630 ISBN978-1-107-05583-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. ForMaxwellMacFarlandSmith Welcometothebiosphere! Hewhounderstandsbaboonwoulddomoretowards metaphysicsthanLocke. –CharlesDarwin Contents ListofFigures pageix ListofContributors x Acknowledgments xiii Introduction:Biophilosophy 1 david livingstone smith 1 DarwinandtheOverdueDemiseofEssentialism 9 daniel c. dennett 2 DarwinismasPhilosophy:CantheUniversalAcid BeContained? 23 alexander rosenberg 3 AnimalEvolutionandtheOriginsofExperience 51 peter godfrey-smith 4 Neurophilosophy 72 patricia churchland 5 Teleosemantics 95 david papineau 6 TheMethodologicalArgumentforInformational Teleosemantics 121 karen neander 7 Nature’sPurposesandMine 141 ronald de sousa 8 BiologyandtheTheoryofRationality 161 samir okasha 9 EvolutionandEthicalLife 184 philip kitcher vii viii Contents 10 HumanNature 204 edouard machery 11 APostgenomicPerspectiveonSexandGender 227 john dupre´ 12 BiophilosophyofRace 247 luc faucher 13 HowPhilosophers“Learn”fromBiology– ReductionistandAntireductionist“Lessons” 276 richard n. boyd References 302 Index 342 Figures 1 Arepresentationofsomeearlybranchingsintheanimalpart ofthetreeoflifewithdates(inmillionsofyears,nottoscale) tentativelyassociatedwithsomeevents.Namesalongthetop designatesomeofthemaingroupswithinanimals. Theitalicizedandcapitalizedlabelsshowtheinitial appearanceofbroadkindsoforganismsimportanttothis chapter.Firstistheevolutionofmetazoa,oranimals;then neuralia,animalswithnervoussystems(orperhapsa subsetoftheseanimals[seethemaintext]);thenbilaterians, animalswithbilaterallysymmetricalbodies,including ourselves. page57 2 Furthereventsinanimalevolution.Manygroupsarenot included.ThelowershadedbandmarkstheEdiacaran(E), andtheupperbandmarkstheCambrian(C).Genetic evidencesuggeststhatvariousfamiliaranimalgroups branchedofffromeachotherintheEdiacaran,thoughwe havelittlefossilrecordofthemthere. 62 3 Partoftheanimalbranchofthetreeoflife,withtheshading withinbranchesontheleftshowingthelocationofhighlevels ofsensorimotorandcognitivecomplexitywithinsome groupsinthoselineages.(Othergroupsareomittedto simplifythefigure.)ThebracketsmarktheEdiacaran(E)and theCambrian(C). 64 ix