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HOW BAKING WORKS Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science S E C O N D E D I T I O N Paula Figoni JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiiiii 77//2200//0077 22::4466::3399 PPMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 77//2200//0077 22::4466::3399 PPMM HOW BAKING WORKS Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science ffffiirrss..iinndddd ii 77//2200//0077 22::4466::3388 PPMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 77//2200//0077 22::4466::3399 PPMM HOW BAKING WORKS Exploring the Fundamentals of Baking Science S E C O N D E D I T I O N Paula Figoni JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiiiii 77//2200//0077 22::4466::3399 PPMM This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. Wiley Bicentennial Logo: Richard J. 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For general information on our other products and services, or technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at 800-762-2974, outside the United States at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our Web site at http://www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Figoni, Paula How baking works : exploring the fundamentals of baking science / Paula Figoni.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-471-74723-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Baking. I. Title. TX763.F54 2008 641.7—dc22 2006103521 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ffffiirrss..iinndddd iivv 77//2244//0077 1111::2222::2222 AAMM CONTENTS PREFACE ix Stage II: Baking 32 Stage III: Cooling 38 CHAPTER 1 Questions for Review 39 Questions for Discussion 40 INTRODUCTION Exercises and Experiments 40 TO BAKING 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 4 The Importance of Accuracy in the Bakeshop 2 SENSORY PROPERTIES Balances and Scales 2 OF FOOD 49 Units of Measure 3 Introduction 49 Weight and Volume Measurements 4 Appearance 50 The Difference between Density and Thickness 5 Flavor 52 The Difference between Weight Ounces and Fluid Ounces 6 Texture 58 Baker’s Percentages 7 Questions for Review 59 The Importance of Controlling Ingredient Temperatures 8 Questions for Discussion 60 The Importance of Controlling Oven Temperatures 9 Exercises and Experiments 61 Questions for Review 10 Questions for Discussion 10 CHAPTER 5 Exercises and Experiments 11 WHEAT FLOUR 67 CHAPTER 2 Introduction 67 HEAT TRANSFER 15 Wheat Kernel 68 Makeup of Flour 69 Introduction 15 Classifying Wheat 70 Methods of Heat Transfer 15 Particle Size 71 Questions for Review 21 Flour and Dough Additives and Questions for Discussion 22 Treatments 72 Exercises and Experiments 22 Commercial Grades of White Flours 77 Types of Patent Wheat Flours 79 CHAPTER 3 Other Wheat Flours 82 OVERVIEW OF THE Functions of Flours 84 BAKING PROCESS 27 Storage of Flours 86 Introduction 27 Questions for Review 87 Setting the Stage for Success 27 Questions for Discussion 88 Stage I: Mixing 29 Exercises and Experiments 89 v ffttoocc..iinndddd vv 77//2200//0077 22::4488::0011 PPMM ) vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 Storage and Handling 194 VARIETY GRAINS Questions for Review 194 Questions for Discussion 195 AND FLOURS 101 Exercises and Experiments 196 Introduction 101 Cereal Grains 102 CHAPTER 10 Cereal-Free Grains and Flours 106 FATS, OILS, AND Questions for Review 109 EMULSIFIERS 205 Questions for Discussion 109 Exercises and Experiments 109 Introduction 205 Chemistry of Fats, Oils, and Emulsifi ers 205 CHAPTER 7 Hydrogenation 207 GLUTEN 117 Fats and Oils 209 Functions of Fats, Oils, and Emulsifi ers 219 Introduction 117 Storage and Handling 224 The Importance of Gluten 117 Questions for Review 225 The Unique Nature of Gluten 118 Questions for Discussion 226 Determining Gluten Requirements 119 Exercises and Experiments 226 Controlling Gluten Development 121 Dough Relaxation 131 CHAPTER 11 Questions for Review 132 EGGS AND EGG Questions for Discussion 133 PRODUCTS 237 Exercises and Experiments 133 Introduction 237 CHAPTER 8 The Makeup of an Egg 237 SUGAR AND OTHER Commercial Classifi cation of Shell Eggs 240 Egg Products 242 SWEETENERS 139 Functions of Eggs 245 Introduction 139 More on Coagulation—Basic Egg Custard 250 Sweeteners 139 More on Aeration—Meringue 253 Dry Crystalline Sugars 141 Storage and Handling 256 Syrups 147 Questions for Review 257 Specialty Sweeteners 156 Questions for Discussion 258 Functions of Sweeteners 160 Exercises and Experiments 259 Storage and Handling 164 Questions for Review 165 CHAPTER 12 Questions for Discussion 166 MILK AND MILK Exercises and Experiments 167 PRODUCTS 269 CHAPTER 9 Introduction 269 THICKENING AND Common Commercial Processes to Milk and Milk Products 269 GELLING AGENTS 177 Makeup of Milk 270 Introduction 177 Milk Products 273 The Process of Thickening and Gelling 178 Functions of Milk and Milk Products 279 Gelatin 179 Storage and Handling 281 Vegetable Gums 182 Questions for Review 283 Starches 185 Questions for Discussion 283 Functions of Thickening and Gelling Agents 192 Exercises and Experiments 283 ffttoocc..iinndddd vvii 77//2200//0077 22::4488::0044 PPMM ) CONTENTS vii CHAPTER 13 Questions for Review 336 LEAVENING AGENTS 287 Questions for Discussion 337 Exercises and Experiments 337 Introduction 287 The Process of Leavening 287 CHAPTER 16 Leavening Gases 288 NUTS AND SEEDS 345 Yeast Fermentation 291 Chemical Leaveners 295 Introduction 345 Storage and Handling 301 Composition of Nuts, Kernels, and Seeds 345 Questions for Review 301 Cost 347 Questions for Discussion 302 Common Nuts, Kernels, and Seeds 347 Exercises and Experiments 302 Toasting Nuts 351 Storage and Handling 352 Questions for Review 353 CHAPTER 14 Questions for Discussion 353 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL Exercises and Experiments 353 FLAVORINGS 309 Introduction 309 CHAPTER 17 A Brief Review of Flavor 310 COCOA AND CHOCOLATE Flavor Profi les 310 PRODUCTS 359 Types of Flavorings 311 Evaluating New Flavorings 316 Introduction 359 Storage and Handling 317 Makeup of Cocoa Beans 360 Questions for Review 318 Common Cocoa and Chocolate Products 363 Exercises and Experiments 318 Handling Chocolate Products 375 Functions of Cocoa and Chocolate Products 376 Storage 379 CHAPTER 15 Questions for Review 380 FRUIT AND FRUIT Questions for Discussion 381 PRODUCTS 323 Exercises and Experiments 381 Introduction 323 How Fruit Is Purchased 323 BIBLIOGRAPHY 387 Common Fruits 329 INDEX 389 Fruit Ripening 333 Storage and Handling 334 ffttoocc..iinndddd vviiii 77//2200//0077 22::4488::0055 PPMM ffttoocc..iinndddd vviiiiii 77//2200//0077 22::4488::0055 PPMM

Description:

The apprentice learned by doing, repeating the .. ter itself. They push and pummel bread dough to feel how it responds. BAKER'S PERCENTAGE.