Housing East Asia: Socioeconomic and Demographic Challenges

277 Pages·2014·12.147 MB·English

by  John Doling, Richard Ronald (eds.)

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Housing East Asia
Housing East Asia
Socioeconomic and Demographic Challenges
Edited by
John Doling
School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, UK
Richard Ronald
Centre for Urban Studies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Selection, introduction and editorial matter © John Doling and
Richard Ronald 2014
Individual chapters © Respective authors 2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
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work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2014 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-34753-7 ISBN 978-1-137-31452-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137314529
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables viii
Preface xii
Notes on Contributors xiv
Introduction 1
John Doling and Richard Ronald
The East Asian context 1
Context of this book 2
Structure and content 4
1 The Changing Shape of the East Asian Housing Model 9
Richard Ronald and John Doling
Introduction 9
Housing and the East Asian model 11
The seeds of change 24
Conclusion 39
Acknowledgments 40
Notes 40
References 40
2 Urban Housing Policy Changes and Challenges in China 44
Ya Ping Wang and Lei Shao
Introduction 44
Housing reform in the 1980s and the 1990s 46
Social and economic changes since 1998 50
Housing market 1 998– 2008 55
Recent changes 62
Challenges in the future 65
Conclusions 66
References 68
3 Housing, Crises and Interventions in Hong Kong 71
Ngai Ming Yip
Introduction 71
Historical context 72
Recent changes 75
Current conditions 78
The future 83
Conclusions 86
References 88
v
vi Contents
4 Indonesian Housing Development Amidst
Socioeconomic Transformation 91
Devisari Tunas and Laksmi Darmoyono
Introduction 91
The Indonesian housing system 92
Recent housing policies and programmes 101
The One Million Housing Programme: Housing for all? 104
Emerging social and demographic trends and
housing development 107
Conclusion 113
Note 114
References 114
5 Housing and the Rise and Fall of Japan’s Social Mainstream 116
Yosuke Hirayama
Introduction 116
Shaping the p ost- war housing system 117
Key drivers of change 122
Generational fractures 130
The erosion of the housing s afety- net 133
Conclusion 136
References 137
6 Towards a Housing Policy in Malaysia 140
Wan Nor Azriyati Wan Abd Aziz, Kuppusamy Singaravelloo,
John Doling and Noor Rosly Hanif
Introduction 140
Housing in the early years 142
Housing policy in the 80s and 90s: Consolidating the approach 144
Inflation 148
The Asian financial crisis 149
Housing policy in the t wenty- first century 150
The Malaysia Plans 151
Extension of the employees provident fund support
for housing demand 155
Conclusions 159
References 159
7 Integrating Economic and Social Policy through the
Singapore Housing System 162
James Lee
Introduction 162
The institutional challenge of blending social and
economic objectives 163
Recent developments: A sset- building and
income security for old age 171
Contents vii
Conclusion – The future of Singapore’s a sset- based welfare state 176
Note 178
References 178
8 Housing and Socioeconomic Transformations
in South Korea 180
Hyunjeong Lee
Introduction 180
Institutionalization of the state housing system
in the industrial era 181
Mass housing provision in the democratic transition era 186
Structural changes and housing policy in the neo- liberal era 189
Housing transformations and changing social landscapes
in the late neo- liberal era 193
Conclusion 199
Notes 200
References 201
9 The Pro- market Housing System and Demographic
Change in Taiwan 204
Y i- Ling Chen and Herng-D ar Bih
Introduction 204
Historical context 205
Socioeconomic, political and demographic
changes since the 1990s 212
Recent development 217
The social rental housing movement since 2010 220
Conclusion 222
References 223
10 Housing as a Social Welfare Issue in Thailand 227
Yap Kioe Sheng
Introduction 227
Demographic and socioeconomic trends 228
Middle- income housing 230
Low- income housing 234
Government initiatives after 1997 238
Looking forward 242
Notes 244
References 244
Index 247
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
1.1 Home ownership- pension adequacy t rade- off 23
1.2 Annual growth of GDP for higher GDP per capita countries 26
1.3 Annual growth of GDP for lower GDP per capita countries 27
1.4 Changes in average house prices (nominal) 28
2.1 Urban population growth in China 1998– 2009 51
2.2 Employment in urban areas 1998– 2009 52
2.3 Average salary in urban areas 53
2.4 Commercial housing estate for the new middle class in
Chongqing (the North New District) 56
2.5 New cottage housing estate for the rich in suburban Beijing 57
2.6 The largest government supported affordable housing estate
(Huilongguan) for the low to middle income group in Beijing 57
2.7 Property development profits and property development
industry expansion 58
2.8 Average housing price in urban areas 59
2.9 The urban landscape of h igh- rise housing areas in Shanghai 67
3.1 Hong Kong housing tenure distribution 74
3.2 House price, rental and wage index 77
3.3 Land sales for residential development and production of
private flats 79
4.1 Gated community in Sentul, Bogor 94
4.2 Urban kampong along the railway, Central Java 97
4.3 The economic impact of the Asian Financial Crisis
on Indonesia 102
4.4 Lending interest rates 1 994– 2008 103
4.5 Indonesian inflation rates ( 1998– 2010) 103
4.6 Size of the Indonesian middle class in millions ( 1999– 2009) 108
4.7 H igh- rise apartment in North Jakarta 111
viii
List of Figures and Tables ix
4.8 Hybrid high- density development in Jakarta,
in which ‘landed housing units’ are built on top of
other structures such as shopping malls and offices 113
5.1 A typical suburban neighbourhood with single- family
detached housing 119
5.2 ‘Danchi’ complex with multi- family housing combined
with open spaces 120
5.3 Real gross domestic product 124
5.4 Population changes in Japan 126
5.5 Changes in household type 128
5.6 Homeownership rate by age 131
6.1 Squatter settlement, Klang Valley 144
6.2 Low- cost, high- rise apartments, Klang Valley 152
6.3 Low- rise, middle-i ncome housing, Klang Valley 156
7.1 Circuits of capital in Singapore’s housing- cum- CPF system 166
7.2 HDB housing in Farview 167
7.3 HDB housing in Bukit Batok 168
7.4 The Pinnacle@Duxton HDB development 169
8.1 Economic and real estate price changes 182
8.2 Demographic changes and housing stock 183
8.3 Housing types, housing tenure modes and housing ratios 187
8.4 Housing diversity in Seoul 188
8.5 Housing supply during each presidential administration
by unit type and sector 193
8.6 Housing affordability indicators 198
9.1 Treasure Hill, an illegal settlement in Taipei 206
9.2 F u- Yuan District Public Housing 207
9.3 D a- An District Public Housing, completed in 1985 under
the Six- year Housing Construction Programme 208
9.4 GDP growth rate and unemployment rate, 1987– 2011 213
9.5 Age distribution, 1966– 2010 216
9.6 Real pre- sale house prices in Taipei City 218
10.1 Private sector housing in Bangkok: Lumpini
Place Ratchadapisek 233
x List of Figures and Tables
10.2 A Bangkok slum with some upgraded infrastructure 235
10.3 Baan Mankong: Secured land tenure and improved
housing in Bang Bua 236
Tables
1.1 Urban population as percentage of total population 12
1.2 GDP per capita and by sector 2010 13
1.3 Home ownership markets 20
1.4 Living arrangements of household populations
aged over 60 21
1.5 Pensions 23
1.6 Demographic indicators 30
2.1 Urban housing policies and reform in different
periods in China 45
2.2 Demographic and educational changes in China 54
2.3 Housing affordability in urban China and in selected cities 60
4.1 Public housing provision stages in Indonesia 93
4.2 Housing finance mechanisms 104
4.3 Comparison of FLPP scheme with previous housing
subsidy schemes 107
4.4 H igh- rise flat with KPR for middle ( low– mid)
class households 112
5.1 Housing tenure 118
6.1 Population, Malaysian citizens ( 1980– 2010) 145
6.2 Average house price change index by house type (1 998– 2010) 148
6.3 Ceiling price for public houses, Malaysia, by category of house 149
6.4 Urban population ( 2000– 2010) 151
6.5 Number of targeted and completed housing units by
type and provider ( 1991– 2010) 154
6.6 Development expenditure for public housing ( 1971– 2010)
(RM millions) 155
8.1 Housing quality indicators 196
8.2 Household types by number of persons and generations 197
9.1 Gender, marriage, family and housing status in Taiwan,
1956– 2010 215