household food access security along the urban-rural continuum in morogoro and iringa, tanzania ...

151 Pages·2017·1.47 MB·English

by  Mr Tumaini

HOUSEHOLD FOOD ACCESS SECURITY ALONG THE URBAN-RURAL
CONTINUUM IN MOROGORO AND IRINGA, TANZANIA

UBALDUS JOHN TUMAINI

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA.

2017
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EXTENDED ABSTRACT

The study on which this manuscript is based was done along the urban-rural continuum
(urban, peri-urban and rural) in Morogoro and Iringa to assess household food access
security. Specifically, the study sought to: (1) assess the prevalence of household food
access insecurity along the urban-rural continuum, (2) determine constraints to household
food access security, (3) examine coping strategies and resilience to food access
insecurity along the continuum, and (4) assess the influence of households’ asset
ownership on food access security. A cross-sectional research design with a three-stage
sampling technique was employed whereby data were collected in 279 households from
November 2015 to April 2016. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that food access insecurity was more prevalent
among rural households as compared among their counterparts in urban and peri-urban
settings (p ≤ 0.001). Also, findings showed great variations in constraints to food access
security, food access insecurity coping strategies and household asset ownership along the
continuum. Using a binary logistic regression model, it was found that a household head’s
education and number of members earning income had a positive relationship with a
household’s food access security (p ≤ 0.05), whereas household size (β = -0.408; p ≤
0.01), proportion of consumption expenditure on food (β = -0.151; p ≤ 0.001), and
reliance on donations (β = -3.770; p ≤ 0.01) were inversely related with a household’s
food access security. It is thus concluded that the prevalence of and constraints to
household food access security as well as food access coping strategies and asset
ownership vary among households along the continuum. Additionally, as household
head’s education and number of household members earning income increase a
household’s food access security improves. On the other hand, large households, higher
proportions of consumption expenditure on food and reliance on donations tend to worsen
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a household’s food access security. It is, therefore, recommended that households should
focus more on assets that improve their food access security and control those factors that
weaken food access security.
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DECLARATION

I, Ubaldus John Tumaini, do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of
Agriculture that this thesis is my own original work done within the period of registration
and that it has neither been submitted nor being concurrently submitted in any other
institution.

__________________ ________________
Ubaldus John Tumaini Date
(PhD Candidate)

The above declaration is confirmed by:

_____________________ _________________
Prof. John M. Msuya Date
(Supervisor)
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COPYRIGHT

No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, transmitted in
any form, or by any means without prior written permission of the author or Sokoine
University of Agriculture in that behalf.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I wish to thank the Almighty God for many blessings in my life.

I also owe thanks to the College of Business Education (CBE), which granted me a study
leave and financial support especially during year two and three of my PhD programme.
I am grateful to the Volkswagen Foundation for partially financing this study.

I wish to give a big thank you to my supervisor Prof. Msuya of the Department of Food
Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA).
His encouragement and support were a big boost for me to undertake the PhD
programme. In the College of Social Sciences and Humanities (CSSH), I would like to
specifically thank Prof. Justin K. Urassa, Prof. Kim A. Kayunze, and Dr. John V. Msinde
for their kindness, readiness to listen, help or give advice whenever I consulted them.
I also extend thanks to all staff and my fellow PhD candidates in the Department of
Development Studies (DDS) for their cooperation and encouragement during the entire
study period.

My heartfelt thanks go to the people and the leaders of Morogoro and Iringa regions and
in particular to the households who participated in the study. Their responses allowed me
to document some sensitive information related to household food access situation.
Their contribution and hospitality are highly appreciated. I extend my sincere thanks to
Mr. Titus H. Mkemwa for his invaluable efforts during the data collection activity.

I wish to convey my sincere gratitude to my parents, brothers and sisters and in-laws who
have always prayed and wished me good health and luck throughout this period.
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I acknowledge the kind assistance and support of my colleagues at CBE; in particular to
Dr. Emmanuel J. Munishi, and Mr. Frank T. Mmbando; for their encouragement and
support.

Finally, I am deeply indebted to my loving wife Rufina, my daughters Hedwig Zawadi
and Maureen Furaha for their encouragement, support, and understanding of my long
absence from home when I was pursuing the PhD programme.
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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my late beloved brother Conrad Amani John Mfoi who passed
away before the dreams of this work could be realised; to my loving wife Rufina and my
daughters Hedwig and Maureen for their love and tireless support and understanding of
my long absence from home.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXTENDED ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION..................................................................................................................... iv
COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION....................................................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................ ix
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ xiv
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................ xv
LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................... xvii

CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Conceptualization of ‘Urban-Rural Continuum’ Concept ........................................... 4
1.3 Food Security and its Dimensions ................................................................................. 7
1.4 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................... 9
1.5 Justification for the Study ............................................................................................ 11
1.6 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 12
1.6.1 General objective ........................................................................................... 12
1.6.2 Specific objectives ......................................................................................... 12
1.7 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 12
1.8 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................ 13
1.8.1 Multi-layered Social Resilience Framework................................................ 13
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1.8.2 Sen’s Entitlement theory of famine .............................................................. 15
1.9 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................ 18
1.10 Organization of the Thesis ........................................................................................... 20
1.11 Study Limitations ......................................................................................................... 21
References ............................................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................... 29
2.0 Prevalence and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Households Food Access
Insecurity along the Urban-Rural Households in Morogoro and Iringa, Tanzania .. 29
2.1 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 29
2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 30
2.3 Urban-Rural Continuum in Morogoro and Iringa ...................................................... 32
2.4 Defining Urban-Rural Continuum............................................................................... 33
2.5 Socio-economic Characteristics of Households and Food Security .......................... 34
2.6 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 35
2.6.1 Description of the study area ........................................................................ 35
2.6.2 Research design and sampling procedure .................................................... 36
2.6.3 Data collection ............................................................................................... 37
2.6.4 Data analysis .................................................................................................. 38
2.7 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................. 39
2.7.1 Household Demographic Characteristics ..................................................... 40
2.7.2 Main economic occupations.......................................................................... 41
2.7.3 Household food access along the urban-rural continuum ........................... 42
2.7.4 Household socio-economic features and food access security ................... 42
2.8 Conclusions and Recommendations............................................................................ 44
References ............................................................................................................................... 46