Horticulture

101 Pages·2015·2.21 MB·English

Horticulture

Holb, Imre

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Horticulture

Holb, Imre
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/1-11/1-2011-0009
University of Debrecen, Service Sciences Methodology Centre
Debrecen, 2013.

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Tartalom

Tárgymutató ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1. 1. Importance, characterization and development of horticultural production ............................... 2
1. Nutritional aspect of horticultural production ....................................................................... 2
2. Characterization of horticultural production ......................................................................... 2
3. Other horticultural sectors ..................................................................................................... 4
4. Futures and trends ................................................................................................................. 5
2. 2. Characterization of the major fruit species, growing regions and propagation .......................... 6
1. Taxonomical classification .................................................................................................... 6
2. Practical classification ........................................................................................................... 7
3. Main fruit species .................................................................................................................. 7
4. Propagation of fruits ............................................................................................................ 11
5. Nursery production ............................................................................................................. 12
3. 3. Establishment of fruit orchards, canopy formation .................................................................. 14
1. Conditions for orchard establishment ................................................................................. 14
2. Orchard establishment ......................................................................................................... 14
3. Developing production area of the tree ............................................................................... 16
4. Yield regulation of fruit bearing trees ................................................................................. 17
4. 4. Cultivation, fertilization and irrigation of fruit orchards ......................................................... 18
1. Soil maintenance ................................................................................................................. 18
2. Soil repair ............................................................................................................................ 18
3. Soil cultivation of fruit orchards ......................................................................................... 18
4. Nutrition supply for fruit orchards ...................................................................................... 19
5. Irrigation of fruit orchards ................................................................................................... 20
5. 5. Plant protection, harvest and storage in fruit orchards .............................................................. 23
1. Plant protection in fruit orchards ......................................................................................... 23
2. Harvest for fruit orchards .................................................................................................... 30
3. Storage ................................................................................................................................ 30
6. 6. Importance of grape production, morphology, biology and propagation of grape ................... 32
1. Importance of grape production .......................................................................................... 32
2. Grape morphology .............................................................................................................. 32
3. Grape biology ...................................................................................................................... 33
4. Grape propagation ............................................................................................................... 34
7. 7. Establishment of grape orchards and cultivation systems ......................................................... 36
1. Main aspects of establishment of grape plantation .............................................................. 36
2. Establishment of grape plantation ....................................................................................... 36
3. Cultivation systems ............................................................................................................. 37
8. 8. Soil maintenance, nutrition supply and irrigation of grape plantation ...................................... 40
1. Soil maintenance ................................................................................................................. 40
2. Nutrition supply .................................................................................................................. 41
3. Irrigation ............................................................................................................................. 42
9. 9. Plant protection, harvest and storage of grape plantations ........................................................ 43
1. Plant protection of grape plantations ................................................................................... 43
2. Harvest ................................................................................................................................ 46
3. Storage ................................................................................................................................ 46
10. 10. Processing of vine ................................................................................................................. 47
1. General features .................................................................................................................. 47
2. Grape processing and vine making ..................................................................................... 47
3. Vine ripening and treatment ................................................................................................ 48
4. Vine disease and blemish .................................................................................................... 49
5. Vine examining ................................................................................................................... 49
11. 11. Characterization and propagation of the major vegetables ................................................... 50
1. Characterization of major vegetable crops .......................................................................... 50
2. Propagation of vegetable crops ........................................................................................... 51
12. 12. Bases of management, fertilization and plant protection of vegetables ................................ 54
1. Basis of vegetable technological elements .......................................................................... 54
2. Nutrition supply in vegetable production ............................................................................ 55
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Horticulture
3. Plant protection for vegetable crops .................................................................................... 55
13. 13. Irrigation, harvest and storage of vegetables ........................................................................ 61
1. Irrigation of vegetables ....................................................................................................... 61
2. Harvest of vegetables .......................................................................................................... 62
3. Storage of vegetables .......................................................................................................... 63
14. 14. Environmentally-benign horticultural production methods and the regulations of horticulture 64
1. Definition of sustainable horticultural production .............................................................. 64
2. Characteristics of the environmentally benign production systems .................................... 64
3. Roling plant protection systems .......................................................................................... 65
4. Use of copper and sulphur fungicides in organic orchards ................................................. 67
15. 15. Sample of production system: pome fruit production ........................................................... 70
1. Species, growing areas, planting, rootstock ........................................................................ 70
2. Pruning, irrigation, nutrition supply .................................................................................... 71
3. Plant protection and postharvest features ............................................................................ 75
16. List of Tables and Figures .......................................................................................................... 88
17. Test questions ............................................................................................................................. 90
18. Suggested but not all cited readings ........................................................................................... 93
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Az ábrák listája

1.1. Figure 1. Main production areas of fruit ...................................................................................... 3
1.2. Figure 2. Main production areas for grape ................................................................................... 4
2.1. Figure 3. Floweing of apple ......................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Figure 4. Plantation of sweet cherry ............................................................................................ 6
2.3. Figure 5 Some crown forms of trees ............................................................................................ 8
2.4. Figure 6 Specific crown types of fruit trees ................................................................................. 8
2.5. Figure 7. Nursery planted material in the orchards .................................................................... 13
3.1. Figure 8. Propagation (planting) material for orchard tree establishment ................................. 15
3.2. Figure 9. Preparation of planting pit. ......................................................................................... 15
4.1. Figure 10. Soil maintenance with grass alley in the row ........................................................... 18
4.2. Figure 11. Calcium disorders on apple ...................................................................................... 20
4.3. Figure 12. Water measurement in apple orchard. ...................................................................... 21
4.4. Figure 13. Drip irrigation in apple orchard. ............................................................................... 22
5.1. Figure 14. Cherry aphid ............................................................................................................. 25
5.2. Figure 15. Storehouse for fruit ................................................................................................... 31
6.1. Figure 16. Sexual and asexual propagation of grape. ................................................................ 34
9.1. Figure 17. Symptoms of downy mildew on grape leaf. ............................................................. 44
9.2. Figure 18. Symptoms caused by grape moth on berry ............................................................... 45
14.1. Figure 19. Proportion of production systems ........................................................................... 65
14.2. Figure 20. Copper phytotoxicity of fruit of apple in organic orchards .................................... 68
15.1. Figure 21. Netting system in apple orchard ............................................................................. 71
15.2. Figure 22. Agrometeorological system in apple orchard ......................................................... 72
15.3. Figure 23. Fruit growing in greenhouse ................................................................................... 73
15.4. Figure 24. Greenhouse for research purpose. .......................................................................... 74
15.5. Figure 25. Symptom of fire blight ........................................................................................... 76
15.6. Figure 26. Apple scab symptom on fruit ................................................................................. 78
15.7. Figure 27. Life cycle of apple scab .......................................................................................... 78
15.8. Figure 28. Conidia of apple scab ............................................................................................. 78
15.9. Figure 29. Powdery mildew symptom on apple fruit. .............................................................. 79
15.10. Figure 30. Powdery mildew symptom on apple leaves .......................................................... 80
15.11. Figure 31. Brown rot of apple ................................................................................................ 81
15.12. Figure 32. European canker on apple .................................................................................... 82
15.13. Figure 33. Flyspeck on apple fruit ......................................................................................... 83
15.14. Figure 34. Mummified fruit in apple orchard ........................................................................ 84
15.15. Figure 35. Disorders in apple fruit ......................................................................................... 85
15.16. Figure 36. Fruit rot in apple ................................................................................................... 86
15.17. Figure 37. Mirids damage on apple fruit ............................................................................... 86
15.18. Figure 38. Powdery mildew on apple leaves ......................................................................... 86
15.19. Figure 39. Brown rot of apple (close picture) ........................................................................ 87
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Tárgymutató

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1. fejezet - 1. Importance,
characterization and development of
horticultural production

1. Nutritional aspect of horticultural production

Human body needs carbohydrate, proteins, vitamins, and minerals which are highly present in horticultural
crops more than in other cultivated agricultural crops. Positive physiological effect of horticultural crops is also
known due to high vitamin, minerals, and fibber content of these plants. Horticultural crops cover 60-70% of
vitamin and 20-25% of minerals needs for human body.
Nutritional aspects of vegetable production
200 types of vegetables are known worldwide including temperate and tropical vegetable crops all over the
world. In Hungary temperate vegetable species are grown including production of about 40 species. 10 out of
these 40 species give 75-80% of the total production. According to this the most important vegetable crops in
Hungary are for example tomato, peppers, cabbages, onions, cucumber, snap pea, watermelon and the melons,
carrots, radish.
Vegetable consumption per person in Hungary is about 60-80 kg/year, which is mainly fresh consumption
however canned and frozen product is also important during late autumn, winter and early springtime. Major
vitamin sources are Vitamin C, which are can be found in a high contents for example in pepper, tomato, and
cabbages. Other major vitamin source is carotene which is can be found in high contents for example in carrot,
spinach and sorrel. Additional Vitamin B2 sources are cabbages, spinach and bean.
Nutritional aspects of fruits
Ecological capability of Hungary gives the great possibility to reach excellent fruit quality in most cultivated
fruit crops including for example apple, pear, cherries, plums and apricot. Consumption is mainly fresh fruits
but there is a large industrial use for all fruits. Marketing is mainly domestic in the recent years, after we lost the
Russian market in the early 1990’s. Several marking options are not considered. Hungarian fruit should have a
much better marketing position in the global fruit marketing.
Consumption is varying largely year by year. The most consumed fruit species groups are pome fruits including
apple and pear. The second group is grape and peach followed by the third group for consumption including
apricot, sweet and sour cherry, plum, strawberry
Nutritional aspect of grape and wine
Grape and wine has several human health aspects which are known for a long time in the human history. Grape
has extremely wide possibilities for use and has the highest technological development among all horticultural
crops. Some example for usage is fresh fruit, juice, dried fruits (raisins), wine. In Hungary the main use wine for
red grapes. Hungarian wines and wine specialities are well known in all over the world. Several marketing
options are not considered. Hungarian grape and wine should have a much better marketing position in the
global wine marketing.
2. Characterization of horticultural production

Share of the gross production value
• within agriculture is 1/5-1/6,
• Within food sector is 1/6-1/7.
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1. Importance, characterization and
development of horticultural
production
Comparing to other agricultural sectors, horticulture has a better production value per unit/area, due to intensive
production systems. This also means that larger inputs and needs are needed including material, tool, and labour.
Horticulture has a favourable employ-carrying capacity which is important sources for people in villages.
Factory technology is become dominating in recent years which somehow lowered and quality of horticultural
crops and also horticulture become less labour intensive in general. However, during harvest and postharvest
preparing labour is still a dominating factor.
Characterization of vegetable production
Characterising the usage of vegetable production it can be said that 35-50 % of the total vegetable production
used as fresh consumption and at least 50% used for processing including canned and freezed production.
Production features of vegetable production include a wide range of production technology and can be
characterised by the following keywords:
• Greenhouse use (environmental issues, solar and bio energy),
• Large water and nutritional supply (irrigation),
• Large labour demand.
Characterization fruit production
Fruit production has a large tradition in Hungary and therefore traditional production areas were performed such
as Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, Duna-Tisza intermediate, Pest, Zala, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén counties
(figure 1).
1.1. ábra - Figure 1. Main production areas of fruit

Main produced fruit species are apple, sour cherry, peach, plum, apricot, pear, sweet cherry, raspberry and
strawberry. Apple sour cherry and plum are the mainly produced fruit crops. Apple includes 50 % of the total
fruit production.
Apple and sour cherry altogether give the key production of Hungarian fruit. Hungary has a large production
system development in the past decades which initiated many European roles for production. The main
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1. Importance, characterization and
development of horticultural
production
production systems are used conventional, integrated and organic. Dominating production system for fruit is
integrated. Other fruit species has mainly regional importance.
In the past decades Hungarian fruit production had several problems which included use of old trees and
cultivars. By now several new plantation was established with intensive technologies and new cultivars. The
past 20 year development directions are: intensive orchards, new varieties, yield and quality development, better
irrigation system, integrated production technology.
Characterization grape production
In 1875, gradation of phyloxera caused an essential change in grape production in Hungary. Grape plantations
were replanted even on sandy soils by using a rootstock system.
Hungarian grape production is 90% of wine production and only 10 percent of all other means of use of grape
including for example fresh fruit, juice, dried fruits (raisins).
Most Hungarian plantations are not modern plantation. Grape production has a peak labour for pruning and
harvest.
Famous wine production areas including Tokaj, Eger, South Dunántúl, Pest and Balaton region (Figure 2). Wine
production has an old and great tradition in Hungary. Wine production technology in general has a regional
specialty. Several wine types are produced usages of tokaji has a world speciality.
1.2. ábra - Figure 2. Main production areas for grape

3. Other horticultural sectors

Other horticultural sectors include propagation material production, vegetable seed production, nursery
production, greenhouse vegetable production and mushroom production.
Propagation material production
One of the basics for horticultural production is includes sexual and asexual production of plant materials. These
planting materials have to be disease and pest free materials, high quality elite propagation. The propagation
materials are produced with high tech production systems including micro propagation and biotechnology.
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