Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers: Evolution, Morphology, Physiology, and Social Significance

568 Pages·1990·15.14 MB·English

by  Anthony B. Bubenik (auth.)

Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers
George A. Bubenik Anthony B. Bubenik
Editors
Horns, Pronghorns,
and Antlers
Evolution, Morphology, Physiology,
and Social Significance
With 204 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
George A. Bubenik Anthony B. Bubenik
Associate Professor Consultant in Big Game Research
Department of Zoology & Management
University of Guelph Thornhill, Ontario L3T 3X7
Guelph, Ontario NIG 2Wl Canada
Canada
Cover illustrations: Descriptions can be found in the legends to the following figures in the text
Chapter I: Figure 1 (page 6); Figure 4 (page 11); Figure 26 (page 57). The illustration of the deer with
antlers does not appear in this book. It was prepared by and is copyrighted by Anthony B. Bubenik.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Horns, pronghorns, and antlers: evolution, morphology, physiology,
and social significance/George A. Bubenik, Anthony B. Bubenik,
editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13:978-1-4613-8968-2
1. Horns. 2. Antlers. I. Bubenik, George A. II. Bubenik, Anton
B.
QL942.H77 1990
599.73'504185-dc20 89-29975
© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY
10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in con
nection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer soft
ware, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the
former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by
the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Typeset by Publishers Service of Montana, Bozeman, Montana.
9 8 765 432 1
ISBN-13:978-1-4613-8968-2 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-8966-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8966-8
Preface
Since the first drawings left on walls of ancient caves, human beings have been
fascinated with that unique phenomenon of the animal kingdom, the presence of
horns and antlers.
From the mythical ''unicorn'' exercising the power over life and death to the
perceived aphrodisiacal and other medical properties of rhinoceros horns and
growing antlers, these conspicuous protuberances have had a significant place in
the history of mankind.
Part of that ancient interest in antlers and horns was due to their value as sym
bols of masculinity; this interest persists today in trophy hunting, an honorable
tradition carried on for centuries in many countries of the world.
This book, which deals with evolution, morphology, physiology, and behavior,
has not been devised as a comprehensive review of the subject of horns, prong
horns, and antlers; rather, it is a series of chapters stimulating thoughts, discus
sions, and initiation of new studies.
As editors, we did not interfere with the content of articles nor with the opin
ions and interpretations of our contributors, and we left them to decide whether
to accept the suggestions of our reviewers. Despite the fact that various aspects
of cranial appendages have been studied since the end of the eighteenth century,
many controversial views still exist, as witnessed in various chapters of this
book. We do not consider the presence of contradictory views as a shortcoming
but rather as an advantage demonstrating where our knowledge needs improve
ment, where conformity exists, or where future studies should be aimed.
v
vi Preface
Finally, both of us would like to thank all contributors to this volume for their
collaboration on this rather unique project, which brings together endocrinolo
gists, taxonomists, paleontologists, experimental morphologists, neuroendocri
nologists, behaviorists, and physiologists. It was a great challenge, and we hope
that we met it "head on."
GEORGE A. BUBENIK
ANTHONY B. BUBENIK
Acknowledgments
The scientific accuracy as well as the organization and flow of individual chap
ters were greatly enhanced by the generous help of our panel of reviewers. Some
of them were acknowledged by individual contributors, but others were not.
Therefore, we as editors would like to express our gratitude to our following col
leagues for their generous effort in reviewing various chapters of this book: E.D.
Balon, C. Barrette, R.C. Bigalke, J.P. Bogart, D.E. Brown, N. Chapman, T.H.
Clutton-Brock, R.J. Goss, P. Heizmann, H.A. Jacobson, D.w. Kitchen, R.L.
Marchinton, C.D. Mcinnes, S.R: Scadding, D. Schams, J.M. Suttie, E. Thenius,
D.E. Ullrey, A.C.V. Van Bemmel, and S.D. Webb.
In addition, we would like to thank Mary Bubenik, Carolyn Pollard, Yoko Imai,
and Jane Taylor for their excellent technical assistance.
GEORGE A. BUBENIK
ANTHONY B. BUBENIK
vii
Contents
Preface. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . v
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl
I. Evolution and Morphology
1. Epigenetical, Morphological, Physiological, and Behavioral
Aspects of Evolution of Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers . . . . . . . . . . 3
ANTHONY B. BUBENIK
2. Correlation of Reproductive and Digestive Strategies in
the Evolution of Cranial Appendages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 114
CHRISTINE M. JANIS
3. Muntiacidae....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 134
COLIN P. GROVES AND PETER GRUBB
4. Cervidae of Southeast Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169
PETER GRUBB
5. Cranial Appendages of Giraffoidea 180
CHARLES S. CHURCHER
6. Evolution and Dispersal of African Bovidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
ALAN W. GENTRY
II. Physiology, Genetics, and Behavior
7. The Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231
BART W. O'GARA
ix
x Contents
8. Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Antler Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265
GEORGE A. BUBENIK
9. Of Antlers and Embryos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 298
RICHARD 1. Goss
10. Antler Regeneration: Studies with Antler Removal,
Axial Tomography, and Angiography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 313
JAMES M. SUTTlE AND PETER F. FENNESSY
11. The Role of the Nervous System in the Growth of Antlers 339
GEORGE A. BUBENIK
12. Experimental Manipulation of the Neural Control of Antler Growth 359
JAMES M. SUTTlE
13. Experimental Induction of Antler Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 371
ZBIGNIEW JACZEWSKI
14. The Annual Antler Cycle of the European Roe Deer (Capreo/us
capreo/us) in Relation to the Reproductive Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 396
ANTOINE 1. SEMPERE
15. Endocrine Mechanisms and Antler Cycles in Rusa Deer,
Cervis (Rusa) timorensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 416
SIMONE VAN MOURIK AND TEODOR STELMASIAK
16. Nutrition and Antler Development 426
ROBERT D. BROWN
17. Social Status and Antler Development in Red Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 442
LUDEK BARTOS
18. Genetic Variability and Antler Development ................... 460
KIM T. SCRIBNER AND MICHAEL H. SMITH
19. The Antler as a Model in Biomedical Research 474
GEORGE A. BUBENIK
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 488
Index of Extant and Extinct Species of Pecora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 545
Index of General Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 551
Contributors
LUDEK BARTOS, Group of Ethology, Institute of Animal Production, CS-104 00,
Praha 10-Uhrineves, Czechoslovakia.
ROBERT D. BROWN, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-5917 U.S.A.
ANTHONY B. BUBENIK, Consultant in Big Game Research & Management, 10
Stornoway Crescent, Thornhill, Ontario L3T 3X7 Canada.
GEORGE A. BUBENIK, Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario NIG 2Wl Canada.
CHARLES S. CHURCHER, Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario M5S lAl; and Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology, Royal Ontario
Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6 Canada.
PETER F. FENNESSY, MAF Technology, South Invermay Agricultural Centre, Pri
vate Bag, Mosgiel, New Zealand.
ALAN W. GENTRY, Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum,
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD England.
RICHARD 1. Goss, Division of Biological and Medical Sciences, Brown Univer
sity, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 U.S.A.
COLIN P. GROVES, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian
National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia.
PETER GRUBB, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 5PE England.
ZBIGNIEW JACZEWSKI, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Popielno, 12-222 Wejsuny Poland.
xi
xii Contributors
CHRISTINE M. JANIS, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University,
Providence, Rhode Island 02912 U.S.A.
BART W. O'GARA, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Montana Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 U.S.A.
KIM T. SCRIBNER, The University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Labora
tory, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802; and Department of Zoology, The
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 U.S.A.
ANTOINE J. SEMPERE, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques des Animaux Sauvages
(CNRS), Villiers-en-Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir-sur-Niort, France.
MICHAEL H. SMITH, The University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology
Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802; and Department of Zool
ogy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 U.S.A.
JAMES M. SUTTlE, MAF Technology, South Invermay Agricultural Centre, Pri
vate Bag, Mosgiel, New Zealand.
TEODOR STELMASIAK, Biocene International (Vic) Pty Ltd, Veterinary Precinct,
VRl Building, Parkville 3052 Australia.
SIMONE VAN MOURIK, University of Melbourne, School of Agriculture and Fore
stry, Parkville 3052 Australia.