Hormones in Human Amniotic Fluid

170 Pages·1982·8.302 MB·English

by  Adolf E. Schindler Prof. Dr. med. (auth.)

Monographs on Endocrinology
Volume 21
Edited by
F. Gross, Heidelberg· M. M. Grumbach, San Francisco
A. Labhart, Zurich . M. B. Lipsett, Bethesda
T. Mann, Cambridge· L. T. Samuels (t), Salt Lake City
1. Zander, Munchen
A. E. Schindler
Hormones in Human
Amniotic Fluid
With 23 Figures and 133 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982
Adolf E. Schindler, Prof. Dr. med.
U niversiHits-Frauenklinik Ttibingen
0-7400 Ttibingen
Federal Republic of Germany
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
Schindler, A.E (Adolf E.), 1936~. Hormones in human amniotic fluid.
(Monographs on endocrinology; v. 21)
Bibliography: p. Includes index. L Steroid hormones-Analysis. 2. Peptide hormones-Analysis.
3. Amniotic fluid-Analysis and chemistry. 4. Prenatal diagnosis. I. Title. II. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Amniotic fluid-Analysis. 2. Fetus-Metabolism. 3. Hormones-Analysis. WI M05? v.
21/WQ 210.5 S336h]
QP572.S7S34 612'.64 81·14412
ISBN-I3: 978-3-642-81658-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-81656-7
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-81656-7
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«J Springer· Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 1982
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1982
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2127/3020-543210
Dedicated
to
My Mother
Preface
This monograph represents the first comprehensive review of hormones in human
amniotic fluid and includes data published up to and including 1980. Recently, more
extensive use of amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of fetal lung
maturation has shown that amniotic fluid hormone measurements can aid in the
diagnosis of fetal and placental abnormalities.
The material is presented in two main sections dealing with steroid and protein
hormones. The methods of identification and quantitation are delineated, and the
findings are discussed in relation to the clinical conditions. In addition, particular
attention has been directed towards up-to-date review of the sources, metabolism
and transfer of human amniotic fluid hormones.
The review is intended to serve the needs of clinicians, basic scientists and
students, providing detailed information on human amniotic fluid hormones in
order to improve patient care and indicate possibilities for further investigations.
Ttibingen, January 1982 A.E. Schindler
Contents
A. Introduction 1
B. Origin of Human Amniotic Fluid . 2
C. Origin and Regulation of Steroids in Human Amniotic Fluid . 5
D. Methods of Isolation and Identification of Steroids
in Human Amniotic Fluid 6
I. C30, C29, and C28 Steroids . 6
II. C27 Steroids 6
1. Cholesterol 6
2. Cholestanol . 6
3. ,::l7 -Cholestenol and ,::l8 -Cholestenol. 6
4. 7-Dehydrocholesterol and Desmosterol . 6
III. ,::l5_C21 Steroids. 7
1. Pregnenolone 7
2. 16cx-H ydroxypregnenolone. 7
3. 17cx-Hydroxypregnenolone. 7
4. Pregn-5-ene-3~, 20cx-diol 7
5. Pregn-5-ene-3~, 17cx, 20cx-triol 7
6.21-Hydroxypregnenolone . 7
7. Pregn-5-ene-3~, 201X, 21-triol. 7
IV. ,::l4-C21 Steroids. 8
1. Progesterone. 8
2. 161X-Hydroxyprogesterone . 8
3. 171X-Hydroxyprogesterone . 8
4. Cortisol. 8
5. 6~-Hydroxycortisol. 8
6. 6~, 20~-Dihydroxycortisol. 9
7. 11-Deoxycortisol . 9
8. 21-Deoxycortisol . 9
9. Cortisone . 9
10. 6~, 20~-Dihydroxycortisone . 9
11. Corticosterone . 9
12. 11-Dehydrocorticosterone . 9
13. 11-Deoxycorticosterone . 10
14. Aldosterone . 10
V. Pregnane Steroids . 10
1. Pregnanolone 10
Contents IX
2. Pregnanediol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
3. 5cx-Pregnane-3cx, 20cx-diol and 5cx-Pregnane-3~, 20cx-diol. 11
4. 5cx-Pregnane-20-one-3cx, 21-diol . . . 11
5. 5cx-Pregnane-20-one-3cx, 16cx-diol and
5~-Pregnane-20-one-3~, 16cx-diol . 11
6. 5 ~-Pregnane-20-one-3cx, 6cx-diol 11
7. Pregnane trio I . . . . . . . . 12
8. 5cx-Pregnane-3cx, 20cx, 21-triol . 12
9. 5cx-Pregnane-3~, 16cx, 20cx-triol . 12
10. Tetrahydrocortisol, Tetrahydrocortisone, and
Tetrahydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone. . . . 12
11. Tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol. . . . . . . . 12
12. 6cx-OH-Tetrahydrocortisol, 6cx-OH-Tetrahydrocortisone,
6cx-O H -Allotetrahydroxycortisol,
6cx-O H -Allotetrahydroxycortisone, 6cx-O H -20cx-Cortolone,
and 6cx-OH-20~-Cortolone 13
VI. ,:l5_C Steroids ...... . 13
19
1. Dehydroepiandrosterone . 13
2. Androst-5-ene-3~, 17cx-diol 13
4. 16cx-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone. 13
5. 16~-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone. 14
6. 16, 18-Dihydroxydehydroepiandrosterone . 14
7. 16-Ketoandrostenediol . . . . 14
8. Androstenetriol . . . . . . . 14
9. Androst-5-ene-3~, 16~, 17cx-triol 14
VII. ,:l4_C Steroids .... 14
19
1. ,:l4 -Androstenedione 14
2. Testosterone. . . . 15
VIII. Androstane Steroids. . 15
1. Dihydrotestosterone 15
2. 5cx-Androstan-17-one-3cx, 18-diol . 15
IX. C Steroids . . . . . 15
1S
1. Estrone ..... . 15
2. 16cx-Hydroxyestrone 15
3. 16~-Hydroxyestrone 15
4. 15cx-Hydroxyestrone 16
5.2-Methoxyestrone 16
6. Estradiol-17~ . . . 16
7. 16-Ketoestradiol. . 16
8. 11-Dehydroestradiol-17cx 16
9. Estriol ... 16
10. 16-Epiestriol . 17
11. 17-Epiestriol. 17
12. Estetrol. . . 17
X Contents
E. Quantitation of Steroids in Human Amniotic Fluid 18
I. C30, C29' and C28 Steroids. 18
II. C Steroids 18
27
1. Cholesterol 18
a) Normal Pregnancies . 18
b) Complicated Pregnancies . 18
2. Other C Steroids. 19
27
III. 115-C Steroids. 19
21
1. Pregnenolone 19
2. 16C'l-Hydroxypregnenolone. 20
3. 17C'l-Hydroxpregnenolone . 20
a) Normal Pregnancies. 20
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 20
4. Other 115 -C Steroids 20
21
IV. 114-C Steroids. 21
21
1. Progesterone. 21
a) Normal Pregnancies . 21
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 23
2. 16C'l-Hydroxyprogesterone . 25
3. 17C'l-Hydroxyprogesterone . 25
4. Cortisol. 28
a) Normal Pregnancies. 28
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 34
5. 6~-Hydroxycortisol and 6~, 20~-Dihydroxycortisol. 38
6. Cortisone . 40
7. 6~, 20~-Dihydroxycortisone . 41
8. Other 114-C Steroids 41
21
V. Pregnane Steroids . 42
1. Pregnanelone 42
2. Pregnanediol. 43
a) Normal Pregnancies 43
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 44
3. Pregnanetriol 44
a) Normal Pregnancies . 44
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 45
4. Other Pregnane Steroids 46
VI. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids . 47
a) Normal Pregnancies. 47
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 47
VII. 11-H ydroxycorticosteroids . 47
VIII. 115 -C 19 Steroids . 49
1. Dehydroepiandrosterone 49
a) Normal Pregnancies. 49
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 50
2. Androst-5-ene-3~, 17C'l-diol and Androst-5-ene-3~, 17~-diol 50
Contents XI
3. 16rx-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone. 51
a) Normal Pregnancies. . . 51
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 52
4. 16-Ketoandrostenediol . . . 52
a) Normal Pregnancies . . . 52
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 52
5. 16, 18-Dihydroxydehydroepiandrosterone. 52
6. Androstenetriol . . . . . . 52
a) Normal Pregnancies. . . 52
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 53
IX. il4-C Steroids. . . 53
19
1. Androstenedione. . . . 53
2. Testosterone. . . . . . 54
a) Normal Pregnancies. 54
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 58
X. Androstane Steroids. . 58
1. Dihydrotestosterone . . 58
XI. 17-Ketosteroids. . . . . . 58
a) Normal Pregnancies. 58
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 59
XII. C Steroids . . . . . . . 60
18
1. Estrone ......... . 60
a) Normal Pregnancies .. . 60
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 60
2. Estradiol-17~ . . . . . . . 61
a) Normal Pregnancies ... 61
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 63
3. Estriol . . . . . . . . . . 63
a) Normal Pregnancies. . . 63
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 68
4. Estetrol. . . . . . . . . . 71
a) Normal Pregnancies. . . 71
b) Complicated Pregnancies. 71
F. Steroid Conjugates in Human Amniotic Fluid 72
I. C30, C29, und C28 Steroids. 72
II. C Steroids . . 72
27
III. il5-C21 Steroids .... . 72
IV. il4-C Steroids .... . 73
21
V. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids 73
VI. Pregnane Steroids . 74
VII. il5 -C19 Steroids. 74
VIII. il4-C Steroids. 75
19
IX. 17-Ketosteroids. 75
X. Estrogens. . . . 76
XII Contents
G. Steroid Profiles in Human Amniotic Fluid and Distribution of Steroids in
Several Compartments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
H. Transfer and Metabolism of Steroids in Human Amniotic Membranes. 91
I. Fate of Steroids Injected into the Amniotic Cavity 96
J. Binding of Steroids in Human Amniotic Fluid 99
K. Proteohormones in Human Amniotic Fluid. 102
I. Luteinizing Hormone (LH). . . . 102
II. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH). 103
III. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). 104
IV. Human Placental Lactogen (HPL). . . 107
V. Prolactin (Prl). . . . . . . . . . . . 111
VI. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 116
VII. Human Growth Hormone (HGH). . 117
VIII. Somatomedin and Somatomedin C . 119
IX. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 119
X. Thyroid Hormones . . . . . 120
1. Thyroxine (T 4). . . . . . . . . 120
2. 3,3',5-Triiodothyronine (T 3) . . . 122
3. Reverse 3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine (rT 3). 123
4. 3,3'-Diiodothyronine (T2) . . . . . . 125
5. 3',5'-Diiodothyronine and 3,5-Diiodothyronine 125
6. 3'-Monoiodothyronine (3'-T 1) 126
XI. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) . 126
XII. Oxytocin. 126
XIII. Glucagon. . . . . . . . . . 127
XIV. Insulin. . . . . . . . . . . 128
XV. Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones. 131
1. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) 131
2. Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LH-RH) 131
XVI. Neurophysin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
XVII. ~-Endorphin and "Humoral Endorphin". . . 132
XVIII. ~-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (~-MSH) 132
XIX. Conclusions. 133
Acknowledgments 134
References. . 135
Subject Index 153