Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates - Vol 2: Amphibians

247 Pages·2010·11.1 MB·English

by  David O. Norris

Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates
Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 1 d Fishes
Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 2 d Amphibians
Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 3 d Reptiles
Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 4 d Birds
Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 5 d Mammals
Hormones and
Reproduction of Vertebrates
Volume 2: Amphibians
David O. Norris
Department of Integrative Physiology
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Kristin H. Lopez
Department of Integrative Physiology
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON(cid:1)NEWYORK
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ISBN: 978-0-12-374932-1 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-12-375009-9 (Volume 1)
ISBN: 978-0-12-374931-4 (Volume 2)
ISBN: 978-0-12-374930-7 (Volume 3)
ISBN: 978-0-12-374929-1 (Volume 4)
ISBN: 978-0-12-374928-4 (Volume 5)
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Dedication
This series of five volumes on the hormones and
reproduction of vertebrates is appropriately dedicated to
ourfriendandcolleagueofmanyyears,ProfessorEmeritus
Richard Evan Jones, who inspired us to undertake this
project. Dick spent his professional life as a truly
comparative reproductive endocrinologist who published
many papers on hormones and reproduction in fishes,
amphibians,reptiles,birds,andmammals.Additionally,he
published a number of important books including The
Ovary (Jones, 1975, Plenum Press), Hormones and
Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles (Norris
and Jones, 1987, Plenum Press), and a textbook, Human
Reproductive Biology (Jones & Lopez, 3rd edition 2006,
Academic Press). Throughout his productive career he
consistently stressed the importance of an evolutionary
perspectivetounderstandingreproductionandreproductive
endocrinology. His enthusiasm for these subjects inspired
allwithwhomheinteracted,especiallythemanygraduate
studentshefostered,includinganumberofthosewhohave
Richard Evan Jones contributedto thesevolumes.
v
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Contents
SeriesPreface xiii 2.1. AnOverviewoftheAmphibian
VolumePreface xv HypothalamicePituitarySystem 21
ListofContributors xvii 2.2. Ontogeny,Distribution,andFunction
oftheGnRHSystems 22
2.3. ThePatternofGnRHReleasefromthe
1. Sex Determination and Sexual
AmphibianBrain 24
Differentiation in Amphibians
2.4. StructureandFunctionofGnRH
ReceptorsinAmphibians 25
1. Introduction 1 3. RegulationoftheGnRH-ISystem 26
2. SexDetermination 1 3.1. AnOverview 26
2.1. SexChromosomes 2 3.2. ModulationoftheGnRH-ISystemby
2.2. EvolutionofSexChromosomes 3 GonadalSteroidHormones 27
2.3. MarkersofSexChromosomes 4 3.3. ModulationoftheGnRH-ISystemby
3. SexDifferentiation 4 Dopamine(DA) 28
3.1. OriginofGermCells 5 3.4. ModulationoftheGnRH-I
3.2. TheUndifferentiatedGonad 6 SystembyEndocannabinoids 28
3.3. FromtheBipotentialGonadtotheTestis 3.5. ModulationoftheGnRH-ISystemby
ortheOvary 7 RFamides 28
3.4. TractusDifferentiationand 3.6. ModulationoftheGnRH-ISystemby
Post-metamorphosisEvents 7 Mesotocin/Opsin-positiveNeurons 29
4. SensitivityofSexDetermination/Differentiation 3.7. ModulationoftheGnRH-ISystemby
toEpigeneticFactors 8 SocialandEnvironmentalCues 29
4.1. EffectofRearingTemperature 8 4. TheRolesofPeripheralGnRHin
4.2. BreedingExperiments 9 Reproduction 30
5. TheRoleofSteroidHormones 10 4.1. Overview 30
5.1. TreatmentwithSteroids 10 4.2. GnRH-IandChemosensoryFunction 30
5.2. SynthesizingEnzymes 10 4.3. PeripheralGnRHinGonadal
5.3. SteroidHormoneReceptors 11 Regulation 30
5.4. InhibitionofSteroidActionorSynthesis 11 5. NonapeptidesandNeurosteroids 31
5.5. SteroidsandTemperature 11 6. FutureDirections 31
6. GenesInvolvedinGonadalSexDifferentiation 11 Abbreviations 32
7. UndifferentiatedRaces,Hermaphroditism, References 32
andUnisexuals 14
8. Conclusion 14
Abbreviations 15 3. Testicular Structure and Control
References 15 of Sperm Development in Amphibians
1. Introduction 39
2. Neuroendocrine Control of
2. Urodeles 39
Reproduction in Amphibians 2.1. TesticularStructure 39
2.1.1. Generalgrossanatomicalstructure 39
1. Introduction 21 2.1.2. Histomorphicstructureandsperm
2. Gonadotropin-ReleasingHormone(GnRH) development 40
Systems 21 2.2. RegulationofTesticularActivity 41
vii
viii Contents
2.2.1. Endocrineandmolecularevents 3.7. CorpusLuteum 69
associatedwithspermatogenesis 3.8. FollicularAtresia 69
andspermiogenesis 41 4. OviductalStructure 70
2.2.2. Controlofspermiation 42 4.1. Infundibulum 72
2.2.3. Controloftheinterstitial 4.2. ParsRectaorAtrium 73
compartment 42 4.3. ParsConvolutaorAmpulla 74
3. Anurans 44 4.4. Ovisac 76
3.1. TesticularStructure 44 Acknowledgements 78
3.1.1. Generalgrossanatomicalstructure 44 Abbreviations 78
3.1.2. Histomorphicstructureand References 78
spermdevelopment 44
3.2. RegulationofTesticularActivity 45
3.2.1. Endocrineandmolecularevents 5. Hormones, Sex Accessory Structures,
associatedwithspermatogenesis
and Secondary Sexual Characteristics
andspermiogenesis 45
in Amphibians
3.2.2. Controlofspermiation 47
3.2.3. Controloftheinterstitial
1. Introduction 83
compartment 47
2. SexAccessoryStructures 83
4. Gymnophiona 48
2.1. WolffianDucts/VasDeferens 83
4.1. TesticularStructure 48
2.2. Mu¨llerianDucts 84
4.1.1. Generalgrossanatomicalstructure 48
4.1.2. Histomorphicstructureandsperm 2.2.1. OviductofAscaphus 85
2.2.2. Uterusofviviparousanurans 85
development 48
4.2. RegulationofTesticularActivity 49 2.2.3. UterusofSalamandra 85
2.2.4. Uterusofcaecilians 86
4.2.1. Endocrineandmolecularevents
associatedwithspermatogenesis 2.3. PenisofAscaphus 86
2.4. CloacalGlandsofSalamanders 86
andspermiogenesis 49
2.5. PhallodeumofCaecilians 87
5. Summary 49
3. SecondarySexualCharacteristics 87
Abbreviations 50
3.1. AmphibianSkin 88
References 50
3.2. AnuranBreedingGlands 88
3.2.1. Adhesiveglands 88
3.3. NuptialExcrescencesofAnurans 89
4. Hormones and the Female
3.4. Tusks/Spines 89
Reproductive System of Amphibians 3.5. TailFinandNuptialPadsofNewts 89
3.6. TeethofPlethodontids 90
1. Introduction 55 3.7. Muscles 90
2. OvarianStructure 56 3.8. VomeronasalOrgan 91
3. Oogenesis 57 3.9. Color 91
3.1. Oogonia 59 3.10. SalamanderCourtshipGlands 91
3.2. Folliculogenesis 60 3.10.1. Caudalglandsinthemiddorsal
3.3. PrimaryGrowth 60 tailbase 91
3.4. SecondaryGrowth 62 3.10.2. Caudalglandsinthemidventral
3.5. OocyteMaturation 66 tailbase 92
3.6. OogenesisStages 66 3.10.3. Cloacalglandsthatsecrete
3.6.1. Primarygrowth:stage1 68 ontoepidermalareas 92
3.6.2. Primarygrowth:stage2 68 3.10.4. Genialglands 92
3.6.3. Primarygrowth:stage3 68 3.10.5. Mentalglands 92
3.6.4. Secondarygrowth:stage4 68 3.10.6. Nasolabialglands(cirri) 93
3.6.5. Secondarygrowth:stage5 68 3.10.7. SkinglandsofTaricha 93
3.6.6. Secondarygrowth;full-grown: 4. FutureWork 93
stage6 68 Abbreviations 94
3.6.7. Oocytematuration:stage7 68 References 94
Contents ix
6. Stress and Reproduction in Amphibians 2.1. Urodela 119
2.1.1. Theoviductanditschanges
1. Introduction 99 duringgestation 119
2. DefinitionsofStress 99 2.1.2. Gestationtimeand
3. TheHypothalamusePituitaryeAdrenal(HPA) endocrinologicalaspects 121
AxisinAmphibians 101 2.1.3. Mothereoffspringinteractions 122
3.1. RegulationoftheHypothalamuse 2.1.3.1 Respirationandgas
pituitaryeadrenal(HPA)Axis 102 exchange 122
4. NeuronalCircuitsMediatingEndocrine 2.1.3.2 Osmoregulationand
ResponsetoStressors 103 excretion 122
5. ResponseoftheAmphibianEndocrine 2.1.3.3 Immunology 122
SystemtoStressors 103 2.1.3.4 Allocationoffood 122
5.1. EffectsofWaterQualityand 2.1.3.5 Parturition 123
WatereborneContaminantsonthe 2.2. Gymnophiona 123
Hypothalamusepituitaryeadrenal(HPA) 2.2.1. Theoviductanditschanges
axis 105 duringreproduction 123
5.2. MultipleStressorEffectsonthe 2.2.2. Gestationtimeand
Hypothalamusepituitaryeadrenal(HPA) endocrinologicalaspects 125
AxisasaResultofDecreased 2.2.3. Mothereoffspringinteractions 125
HabitatQuality 105 2.2.3.1. Respirationandgas
5.3. ContributionofMultipleStressorsto exchange 125
AllostaticLoadandOverload 106 2.2.3.2. Osmoregulationand
6. InhibitoryEffectsofStressandtheHPAaxis excretion 126
onReproduction 106 2.2.3.3. Immunology 126
6.1. EffectsofStressorsandHypothalamuse 2.2.3.4. Allocationoffood 126
pituitaryeadrenal(HPA)AxisHormones 2.2.3.5. Parturition 126
onPlasmaSexSteroidLevels 106 2.3. Anura 127
6.2. EffectsofStressandHypothalamuse 2.3.1. Theoviductanditschanges
pituitaryeadrenal(HPA)AxisHormones duringreproduction 127
onGonadotropinereleasinghormone 2.3.2. Gestationtimeand
(GnRH),Gonadotropins,andSex endocrinologicalaspects 127
SteroidSynthesis 107 2.3.3. Mothereoffspringinteractions 128
6.3. EffectsofStressandtheHypothalamuse 2.3.3.1. Respirationandgas
pituitaryeadrenal(HPA)Axis exchange 128
onGametogenesis 108 2.3.3.2. Osmoregulationand
6.4. EffectsofStressandHypothalamuse excretion 128
pituitaryeadrenal(HPA)AxisHormones 2.3.3.3. Immunology 128
onReproductiveBehavior 108 2.3.3.4. Allocationoffood 128
6.5. MultipleStressorandHabitatQuality 2.3.3.5. Parturition 128
EffectsonReproduction 109 3. SkinIncubation 128
7. RoleofGlucocorticoidsinMeetingEnergy 3.1. SkinincubationinthePipidae 129
DemandsduringReproduction 109 3.1.1. Theskinanditschangesduring
8. AdaptiveSignificanceofStress-Induced reproduction 129
InhibitionofReproduction 110 3.1.2. Gestationtimeand
Abbreviations 111 endocrinologicalaspects 131
References 112 3.1.3. Mothereoffspringinteractions 131
3.1.3.1. Respirationandgas
exchange 131
7. Maternal Adaptations to Reproductive 3.1.3.2. Osmoregulationand
Modes in Amphibians excretion 131
3.1.3.3. Immunology 131
1. TopicsandTerminology 117 3.1.3.4. Allocationoffood 131
2. OviductalIncubation 118 3.1.3.5. Parturition 131